The Lai people[a] (also called Pawi people in india)[1][b] mainly inhabit the southern parts of Chin Hills in Myanmar's Chin State, in the townships of Falam, Thantlang and Hakha.[3] They are also found in the Lawngtlai district of Mizoram, India, where they have been granted the Lai Autonomous District Council. Outside this area they are scattered in Mizoram and in Manipur. Their languages "Lai holh" and "Hakha holh" are classified as Central Kuki-Chin languages.[4]
Demography
editThe total population of the group was around 170,000 in 1991.[5] The name Laimi often refers to Chin people who live in the Chin Hills or Central Chin which are Hakha, Thantlang, Falam, etc.[6]
The community is scattered in different parts of the world, mainly concentrating in Mizoram (Khuafo and Thlantlang/Tuichhak Pawih), Chin Hills (Hakha Township, Thantlang Township, Webulah, Zokhua, Keiphaw, Falam Township) of Burma, South Bangladesh (identified as Bawm {Bawmzo, Bawmlai, Panghawi, Ramthar, and Sunthla).
Chin States
edit
Chin state is 13,907 square miles. It is bordered by Sagaing Division to the east, Magway Division to the south-east, Rakhine State to the south, and Mizoram to the west.[6] According to the 2014 Myanmar population and housing census, the population of Chin state is about 478,801, 47.95% male, and 52.05% female.[7] Hakha is the capital city of Chin state, and there are nine townships: Hakha, Thantlang, Falam, Tiddim, Tonzang, Matupi, Mindat, Kanpalet, and Paletwa. Each township has its own subtribes, and there are about 53 subtribes. There are about 45 dialects of the Chin language.[8] Of these, the most widely spoken dialects are estimated, and they are:[9]
- Zomi: 344,000 speakers
- Falam Chin: an estimated 107,300 speakers
- Hakha Chin: 125,000 speakers
- Matu Chin: 100,000 speakers
The different dialects are distinct enough that they are not largely mutually intelligible.[8]
Ethnic origin
editThe Lai who are living in the Lai Autonomous District of Mizoram are a segmented community of the much larger Lai population of Burma and elsewhere to whom whatever name may be given. They share common ancestry with many other tribes in Northeast India. Further back, a historic tradition has it that Lai people had once lived in China. They migrated through the Tibetan mountains moving further towards the East to become a major tribal group in the Chin Hills of Burma from where same few came to the present habitat (Mizoram) in the beginning of the 18th century or earlier.
The Lai are also believed to be from the main tree of the Qin Dynasty. It is also said that the word Shendoo or Shendu, which was frequently used to denote the Lakher (Mara) in the British records, were said to be the offspring of Lai. F. Chhawnmanga, a retired District Adult Education Officer, under the State Government of Mizoram, who has conducted an extensive personal interview with some chiefs of Lakher, tells. The Lakher chief Mr. Kilkhara of Saiha and Tawngliana of Serkawr Villages were the descendants of Lianchi and Alkheng respectively of Hlawnchhing family of Hakha. They spoke Lai language. However, after coming down to Mizoram, their names were translated into Lakher dialect and themselves Kikhaw and Thylai. The above arguments seem to be supported by the statement of Vumson, thus: They are the same people as Shendoo to whom Col. Lewin made constant reference in his various works and are still called Shendoo by the Arakanis. There are many common clan names like Hlawnchhing, Chinzah, Bawikhar, Khenglawt, Thianhlun, etc. which are found between the Lai and Maras. This is an indication of the fact that Lai and Mara were the same people. Apart from the above-mentioned groups, there are other linguistic groups that were found to have the same culture and customs, speak a similar language with the Lai. These groups do qualify for Lai in terms of social, cultural and linguistic. Those groups are Bawm and Tlanglau living in the western part of Mizoram and Bangladesh.
Subtribes
editThere are many tribes among the Chin people which includes Laimi, Matu, Asho, Cho (Sho), Khumi (M'ro), Lusei (Lushai), Kuki (Thadou) and Zomi . In each of these tribe group there are many sub-tribes groups. The following are some of the sub-tribes found in Chin State: Laizo, Khuangli, Khualsim, K’cho, Zahau, Zanngiat, Zophei, Lente, Lautu, Ngawn, Tlanglau, Dawn, Thlanrawn, Tlaisun, Hauhulh, Zokhua, Mara, Simhrin, Senthang, Mi-E, Towr and more.[6] [Not all listed]
Culture
editChin National Day
editChin National day is celebrated each year on 20 February to commemorate the "General Assembly of Chinland" held in 1948.[10] The first Chin National day was held on 20 February 1951 in Mindat Town and was attended by U Nu, the first Prime Minister.[11] During the holiday, people from different ethnic groups display Ruakhatlak, Khuang Cawi (lifting of decorative bamboo lifter), Sarlamkai (dance of the conquest), Rallu lam (Lushei dance) and many other dances and events. Some of the big events are fashion show, Miss competition and Laipaih (wrestling). The strongest Laipaih or Chin wrestler from this generation is Rung Lian Ceu, he was from Chuncung village, and he is currently living in the United States.[12]
Clothing
editThere are many different traditional clothing such as Matu, Hakha, Htantlang, Falam, Zophei, Zotung, Zo, Mindat etc. Every kind is uniquely colorful and different. Most traditional dresses’ colors are black and red. There are also accessories that are usually worn with the clothing such as necklaces, bracelets and hairpins. Chin people or Laimi do not wear them on a daily basis. They wear these traditional clothing on special occasions such as Chin National Day, Tho, Sundays, Christmas and wedding.[13]
Greeting
editThe normal handshake is a common greeting in Chin cultures.
Sports
editThe most common sports for the Laimi are Traditional Chin Wrestling (Lai Paih),soccer (football) and volleyball.
Tho (Chin New Year/Chin Harvest)
Tho is celebrated in the month of October, (Tho). This festival marks the harvest, as well as the indication of the new year.
Religion
editThe first Christian missionaries were Arthur Carson and his wife Laura arrived Hakha on 15 March 1899. Today, the majority of Chin are Christian.
| Religion in Chin (2014)[14] | % |
|---|---|
| Christian | 99.% |
| Buddhist | 1.0% |
Notes
editReferences
edit- ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), pp. 15–16.
- ^ Dun, Gazetteer of Manipur (1886), p. 32.
- ^ Pau, Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills (2019), pp. 15–16: "The Hakas, Thantlangs, Zokhua, Thettas, Kapis and so forth populated the Haka area. The Hakas and the Thantlangs called themselves Lai/Laimi, and they are similar to the Shindu/Shendu/Mara/Lakher of the British records from the Chittagong and Arakan Hill Tracts.".
- ^ Thurgood, Graham (2016), "Sino-Tibetan: Genetic and Areal Subgroups", in Graham Thurgood; Randy J. LaPolla (eds.), The Sino-Tibetan Languages (2 ed.), Taylor & Francis, p. 22, ISBN 9781315399492
- ^ Lalthangliana, B.: History and Culture of Mizo in India, Burma and Bangladesh, 2001. RTM Press. Aizawl. pp. 101–102.
- ^ a b c ""We Are Like Forgotten People" | The Chin People of Burma: Unsafe in Burma, Unprotected in India". Human Rights Watch. 27 January 2009. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ yi, H.E. U Khun (May 2015). "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Myanmar.unfpa.org. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ a b "Chin Cultural Profile – EthnoMed". ethnomed.org. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Burmese and Chin Languages". help.daytranslations.com. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "CHIN IDENTITY AND CHIN NATIONAL DAY – Chin Community in Norway". Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "How Came Our Chin National Day (February 20, 1948) ~ Khup Khan Thang". ZOMI DAILY. 17 February 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ "Rung Lian Ceu Thawnnak". 7 January 2018. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 March 2020 – via YouTube.
- ^ Peacock, Andrew. "The Chin - A Cultural Profile". storage.cloversites.com. Retrieved 16 March 2020.
- ^ Swe, Thein (July 2016). "The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Myanmar.unfpa.org. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
Bibliography
edit- Dun, E. W. (1992) [1886], Gazetteer of Manipur, Manas Publications – via archive.org
- Pau, Pum Khan (2019), Indo-Burma Frontier and the Making of the Chin Hills: Empire and Resistance, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 9781000507454