Phobos (Ancient Greek: Φόβος, lit. 'flight, fright',[1] pronounced [pʰóbos], Latin: Phobus) is the god and personification of fear and panic in Greek mythology. Phobos was the son of Ares and Aphrodite, and the brother of Deimos. He does not have a major role in mythology outside of being his father's attendant.[2]
| Phobos | |
|---|---|
Personification of fear | |
 Possibly Phobos and Ares in Ares's chariot (510-530 BCE). | |
| Abodes | Mount Olympus |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Ares and Aphrodite |
| Siblings | Erotes, Deimos, Phlegyas, Harmonia, Enyalios, Thrax, Oenomaus, and Amazons |
| Equivalents | |
| Roman | Pavor or Terror |
In Classical Greek mythology, Phobos exists as both the god of and personification of the fear brought by war.[3]
His name is transliterated in Latin as Phobus, but his counterpart in Roman mythology is Pavor or Terror.[citation needed]
Mythology
editIn Hesiod's Theogony, Phobos is the son of Ares and Aphrodite, and the sibling of Deimos and Harmonia.[4] He mainly appears in an assistant role to his father and causes disorder in battle.[citation needed] In the Iliad, he accompanied his father into battle along with the goddess Eris (discord) and his brother Deimos (Dread). In Hesiod's Shield of Herakles, Phobos and Deimos accompany Ares into battle and remove him from the field once he is injured by Herakles.[5] In Nonnus' Dionysiaca, Zeus arms Phobos with lightning and Deimos with thunder to frighten Typhon.[6] Later in the work, Phobos and Deimos act as Ares's charioteers to battle the god Dionysus during his war against the Indians.[7]
In the Seven Against Thebes by Aeschylus, the seven warriors slaughter a bull over a black shield and then "...touching the bull's gore with their hands they swore an oath by Ares, by Enyo, and by Rout [Phobos]".[8] According to Stesichorus, Ares's son, Kyknos, "...beheaded strangers who came along in order to build a temple to Phobos (fear) from the skulls."[9]
Depictions
editHesiod depicts Phobos on the shield of Heracles as "…staring backwards with eyes that glowed with fire. His mouth was full of teeth in a white row, fearful and daunting…"[10]
Phobos often is depicted as having a lion's or lion-like head. This may be seen in Description of Greece by Pausanias, "On the shield of Agamemnon is Phobos (Fear), who[se] head is a lion's…".[11]
Worship
editPlutarch makes reference to a shrine to Phobos at Sparta, in addition to shrines dedicated to Death (Thanatos) and Laughter (Gelos), and he claimed that the Spartans honoured fear as a positive force that held the state together.[12] Pausanias, writing during Imperial Rome, noted that the temple dedicated to Phobos was located outside of the city.[12]
The Iliad
editThere are many places within the Iliad, where Homer mentions the presence of Phobos and Deimos. Some references are:
Homer, Iliad 11. 36 ff:"[The shield of Agamemnon:] And he took up the man-enclosing elaborate stark shield, a thing of splendour. There were ten circles of bronze upon it, and set about it were twenty knobs of tin, pale-shining, and in the very centre another knob of dark cobalt. And circled in the midst of all was the blank-eyed face of the Gorgo (Gorgon) with her stare of horror, and Deimos (Dread) was inscribed upon it, and Phobos (Fear).
Homer, Iliad 15. 119 ff:"So he [Ares] spoke, and ordered Deimos (Dread) and Phobos (Fear) to harness his horses, and himself got into his shining armour."
Historical reference
editAccording to Plutarch, Alexander the Great offered sacrifices to Phobos on the eve of the Battle of Gaugamela (in all probability asking for Darius to be filled with fear). This was believed by Mary Renault to be part of Alexander's psychological warfare campaign against Darius III. Darius fled from the field of Gaugamela, making Alexander's praying to Phobos seem successful as a tactic.
Phobos was depicted on the chest of Cypselus on the shield of Agamemnon.[13]
Astronomy
editIn 1877, the American astronomer Asaph Hall discovered the two satellites of the planet Mars. Hall named the two moons Phobos and Deimos. Phobos is the larger of the two satellites.[14]
Psychology
editThe word "phobia" derives from phobos, (Φόβος), meaning irrational fear.
Notes
edit- ^ Beekes, s.v. φέβομαι, p. 1559.
- ^ Hesiod, Theogony 933.
- ^ Webster, T. B. L. (1954-01-01). "Personification as a Mode of Greek Thought". Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 17 (1–2): 10–21. doi:10.2307/750130. ISSN 0075-4390. JSTOR 750130. S2CID 195042211.
- ^ Gantz, p. 80; Hesiod, Theogony 933.
- ^ Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 460
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca 2.414
- ^ Nonnus, Dionysiaca, 29.364
- ^ Aeschylus, Seven Against Thebes 41
- ^ Stesichorus, Fragment 207
- ^ Hesiod, Shield of Heracles 139
- ^ Pausanias, 5.19.4
- ^ a b Stafford, E. J. (1994). Greek cults of deified abstractions (Doctoral dissertation, University of London).
- ^ Chase, George H. "The Shield Devices of the Greeks." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Vol. 13. Cambridge: Harvard U, 1902. 65. Print.
- ^ Hall, A (1878). "Names of the Satellites of Mars". Astronomische Nachrichten. 92 (3): 47–48. Bibcode:1878AN.....92...47H. doi:10.1002/asna.18780920304.
References
edit- Aeschylus, translated in two volumes. 1. Seven Against Thebes by Herbert Weir Smyth, Ph. D. Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Gantz, Timothy, Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: ISBN 978-0-8018-5360-9 (Vol. 1), ISBN 978-0-8018-5362-3 (Vol. 2).
- Hesiod, Shield of Heracles from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Hesiod, Theogony from The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, MA.,Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca translated by William Henry Denham Rouse (1863-1950), from the Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1940. Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Nonnus of Panopolis, Dionysiaca. 3 Vols. W.H.D. Rouse. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1940-1942. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Pausanias, Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. ISBN 0-674-99328-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
- Pausanias, Graeciae Descriptio. 3 vols. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.