The Patiṟṟuppattu (lit. Ten Tens, sometimes spelled Pathitrupathu,[5]) is a classical Tamil poetic work and one of the Eight Anthologies (Ettuthokai) in Sangam literature.[1] A panegyric collection, it contains puram (war and public life) poems. The Chera kings, known as the Cheramal, are the centre of the work. Its invocatory poem is about Mayon, or Perumal (Vishnu).[6]
 An extract from the Patirruppattu | |
| Author | Multiple poets of the post-Sangam era |
|---|---|
| Working title | Pathitrupathu |
| Language | Old Tamil |
| Series | The Eight Anthologies, part of the Eighteen Greater Texts |
| Subject | Puram (public life)[1] |
| Genre | Poetry |
| Set in | Post-Sangam era (2nd to 5th centuries CE)[2][3][4] |
| Publication place | India |
The Patiṟṟuppattu originally contained ten sections of ten poems, each section dedicated to a decade of rule in ancient Kerala (Cerals, Chera); the first and last sections have been lost.[7][8] Of the surviving poems, the second-to-sixth-decade-related poems are about the three generations of rulers from the Imayavaramban dynasty. The remaining poems are about the three generations of rulers from the Irumporai dynasty.[7] In the Patirruppattu's palm-leaf manuscripts, each decade ends with a patikam (a verse epilogue followed by a prose colophon. According to U. V. Swaminatha Iyer (who rediscovered the Sangam manuscripts), a commentary was written in or after the 13th century.[9]
The Patiṟṟuppattu was written by several male poets and one female poet, indicating that women could play a scholarly role in ancient South India. The poems praise rulers and heroes in Hagiographical form, with a core seemingly rooted in history.[7] They mention the Hindu deities Vishnu, Shiva, Murugan and Korravai (Uma, Durga), and their worship by warriors and the king.[10][11] The poems, epilogues, and colophons are significant in studies of ancient culture and sociology. The poetry probably relies on older oral traditions shared by post-Sangam Tamil epics.[7]
Czech scholar Kamil Zvelebil wrote that the Patirruppattu was probably composed over a period of time: the first layer sometime between the 2nd and 4th centuries CE, and the second layer between the 3rd and 5th centuries.[2][3][4] Its poems and patikams are of significant historical importance.[9] According to T. P. Meenakshisundaram, the Patiṟṟuppattu is the "only available book of ancient Chera history".[12]
Structure
editThe ten verses in each of the eight tens now available have a common structure. Each verse has a title or caption, a catchy phrase found in the text of the verse. The text of the verse follows the caption or title. At the end of each verse is information about the poetic theme referred to with the Tamil term துறை (turai), rhythm with the Tamil word வண்ணம் (Vannam), metre (தூக்கு, Thookku) and the name of the verse, known as பெயர் (peyar). This type of information is rarely found in other classical Tamil literature. An epilogue (patikams)is at the end of each ten. The theme, rhythm, metre, name and epilogues were added by the authors of the patikams at a later date, before the commentaries were written; the patikams, as well as the verses, have been annotated.
Contents
editThis section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2010) |
The Patirruppattu is about ten decades of Chera kings. Its second, third, fourth and fifth ten describe the Imayavaraman dynasty, and the sixth, seventh and eighth ten deal with the Irumporai dynasty. These are called the Ceral (plural Ceralar).[13]
Each decade has 10 poems; each poem has an average length of 21 lines, and the entire decade averages 211 lines. The shortest verse (verse 87) is five lines long, and the longest (verse 90) is 57 lines in length. The supplemental patikams at the end of each decade vary in length from 10 to 21 lines.[14] The poems include graphic details of war and violence.[15]
Patikams
editEach verse of the Patirruppattu's extant eight tens ends with a patikam, supplementary information about the decade. These patikams were added to the tens at a later date, before the medieval commentator Atiyarkkunallar, who wrote a commentary on Silappatikaram quoting the patikams.[16]
First ten
editThese poems have been lost.
Second ten
editThese ten poems were written by Kumattur Kannan about the Cheral king Nedum Cheralathan.
Third ten
editPalyanai Sel Kelu Kuttuvan, Nedum Cheralathan's brother, is the hero of the Patiṟṟuppattu's third ten. Palyanai helped his brother conquer the northern Malabar Coast, at least part of which came under Chera rule. In later life, Palyanai retired from the military life and devoted himself to the arts, letters, philanthropy and helping Brahmins.[17]
Fourth ten
editPoet Kappiyatru Kaapiyanaar composed these poems about Chera prince Narmudi Cheral, receiving four million gold coins.[17] Narmudi had a series of victories, but was generous to those he defeated. In the battle of Vakaiperumturai, He defeated and killed Nannan of Ezhimalai, and annexed Puzhinadu.[17]
Fifth ten
editParanar composed these ten poems about the Chera king Cenkuttuvan.[18] According to Kamil Zvelebil, the Paranar poems are probably the Patiṟṟuppattu's best examples of the heroic genre.[9]
This section is notable for dating the earliest Tamil epic, Silappatikaram. Although it includes details about Ceṅkuṭṭuvan's family and rule, it does not mention that he had a brother who became an ascetic and wrote a cherished epics.[19] This has been a reason to consider legendary author Ilango Adikal a mythological figure later extrapolated into the epic, ruling out the epic as part of Sangam literature.[19][20]
Sixth ten
editAdu Kottu Pattu Cheralathan, a crown prince for 38 years who never became king, is the hero of the sixth ten. A patron of commerce, letters and the arts, he is described as giving a village in Kuttanad to Brahmins.[21]
Seventh ten
editThe poet Kapilar composed these poems about Cheran Celvakkadungo Vazhi Aathan.
Eighth ten
editThe Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai is the subject of these ten poems.
Ninth ten
editThese poems were written about the Cheral king Perunceral Irumporai, possibly the brother of the king in the previous ten.[contradictory]
Tenth ten
editThese poems have been lost.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 51–52.
- ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 41–43 with Chart 4.
- ^ a b George Hart & Hank Heifetz 2001, pp. xv–xvi.
- ^ a b Kamil Zvelebil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 17–23 with footnotes. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
- ^ Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲; K. M. Irulappan (1980). Heritage of the Tamils: Language and Grammar. International Institute of Tamil Studies. p. 457.
- ^ George Hart; Hank Heifetz (1999). The Four Hundred Songs of War and Wisdom: An Anthology of Poems from Classical Tamil : the Purananuru. Columbia University Press. pp. xv–xvii. ISBN 978-0-231-11562-9.
- ^ a b c d Kamil Zvelebil 1973, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Eva Maria Wilden (2014). Manuscript, Print and Memory: Relics of the Cankam in Tamilnadu. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 12 with footnote 26. ISBN 978-3-11-035276-4.
- ^ a b c Kamil Zvelebil (1974). Tamil Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-3-447-01582-0.
- ^ Kamil Zvelebil (1991). Tamil Traditions on Subrahmaṇya-Murugan. Institute of Asian Studies. pp. 80–86.
- ^ Ishita Banerjee-Dube; Saurabh Dube (2009). Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-19-569662-2.
- ^ In his introduction (PP 5-8) to the Patiṟṟppattu edition published by Saiva Siddhantha Nurpathippukkazhagam, with Auvai Duraisamy Pillai's annotations and Commentary, first published in 1949, Chennai.
- ^ John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 283–285
- ^ John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 284–287
- ^ John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 286–288
- ^ John Ralston Marr (1958), The Eight Anthologies, Institute of Asian Studies, Madras 600 041, SOAS University of London Thesis, pages 292–293
- ^ a b c Menon 2007, p. 69.
- ^ Kowmareeshwari (Ed.), S. (August 2012). Kurunthogai, Paripaadal, Kalitthogai. Sanga Ilakkiyam (in Tamil). Vol. 2 (1 ed.). Chennai: Saradha Pathippagam. p. 442.
- ^ a b Iḷaṅkōvaṭikaḷ; R Partaasarathy (2004). The Cilappatikāram: The Tale of an Anklet. Penguin Books. pp. 6–8. ISBN 978-0-14-303196-3.
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere (1970). "Gajabahu and the Gajabahu Synchronism". The Ceylon Journal of the Humanities. 1. University of Sri Lanka: 44.
- ^ Menon 2007, p. 70.
Bibliography
edit- Menon, A. Sreedhara (2007). A survey of Kerala history (2007 ed.). Kerala, India: D C Books. ISBN 978-8126415786.
- Mudaliyar, Singaravelu A., Apithana Cintamani, An encyclopaedia of Tamil Literature, (1931) - Reprinted by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi (1983)
- Kamil Zvelebil (1973). The Smile of Murugan: On Tamil Literature of South India. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03591-5.