The Ocean Island massacre occurred on 20 August 1945 when between 150 and 200 civilians were killed in a mass execution by members of a Japanese naval garrison unit. The civilians, all originally inhabitants from other parts of the Gilbert Islands, had been brought to Ocean Island as slave labour.[1][2] Perpetrated five days after the official Japanese announcement of surrender at the end of the Second World War, the nature of the massacre was only revealed four months later due to the emergence of a sole survivor, Kabunare Koura of Nikunau, who had remained in hiding until December 1945.[3][4] Initially, the commander of the unit, Suzuki Naoomi, claimed that the civilian population had been killed during a rebellion, but the revelation of Kabunare's testimony and subsequent confessions from lower ranking participants led to war crimes prosecutions by the Australian military. In total, 21 Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) personnel were convicted, of whom eight, including Naoomi, were executed, for their roles in the mass atrocity.[5][6]
| Ocean Island massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of the Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands | |
| Location | Banaba, Kiribati |
| Date | 20 August 1945 |
| Victims | 150–200 |
| Perpetrators | 67 Naval Garrison Unit, IJN
|
War crimes trials
edit| Name | Name (Kanji) | Rank | Sentence at trial | Confirmed sentence | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Miyasaka Denji | 宮坂傳治 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 13 August 1946 | [7] |
| Nara Yoshio | 奈良賀男 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | 20 years imprisonment‡ | [8] |
| Ōtomo Torizō | 大友酉蔵 | Sub-lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 10 August 1946 | [9] |
| Sakamoto Chūjirō | 坂本忠次郎 | Sub-lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 10 August 1946 | [10] |
| Sakata Jirō | 坂田二郎 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 15 August 1946 | [11] |
| Sakuma Wataru | 佐久間彌 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 10 August 1946 | [11] |
| Suzuki Naoomi | 鈴木直臣 | Lieutenant-commander | Death by hanging | Executed on 7 July 1947* | [12] |
| Yajima Eiichi | 矢嶋榮一 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 10 August 1946 | [13] |
| Yamaguchi Nobuaki | 山口？(健)章 | Lieutenant | Death by hanging | Executed on 12 October 1946 | [14] |
‡ On the recommendation of the Judge Advocate General, death sentence was commuted to a prison term of 20 years.[6]
* Lieutenant-commander Suzuki's execution was delayed due to appearing as a witness in the trial of Major General Hirota Akira.[15]
| Name | Name (Kanji) | Rank | Sentence at trial | Confirmed sentence | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arai Kakuzō | 荒井角蔵 | Chief petty officer | 7 years imprisonment | 7 years imprisonment | [16] |
| Hanawa Eiji | 塙栄次 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [17] |
| Hiraki Sakae | 平木榮 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [18] |
| Iijima Tadashi | 飯島重 | Ensign | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [19] |
| Ishii Sadazō | 石井定臓 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [20] |
| Kiyohara Naoyoshi | 清原直美 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [21] |
| Konno Hiroshi | 今野浩 | Warrant officer | 7 years imprisonment | 7 years imprisonment | [22] |
| Shinozawa Yoshiharu | 篠澤美春 | Ensign | 15 years imprisonment | 15 years imprisonment | [23] |
| Sugino Tsuchinosuke | 杉野土之助 | Ensign | 15 years imprisonment | 15 years imprisonment | [24] |
| Tsuchiike Masatarō | 土池政太郎 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [25] |
| Yasuda Harumi | 安田春美 | Ensign | 15 years imprisonment | 15 years imprisonment | [26] |
| Yoshida Itsuo | 吉田逸雄 | Sub-lieutenant | 20 years imprisonment | 20 years imprisonment | [27] |
| Name | Name (Kanji) | Rank | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ono Kaneichi | 小野兼一 | Chief petty officer | [9] |
| Yachi Sumio | 谷地澄雄 | Ensign | [13] |
See also
editReferences
editFootnotes
edit- ^ Macdonald 2001, p. 148.
- ^ Pappas 1998, pp. 163–167.
- ^ Macdonald 2001, p. 149.
- ^ Field 2005, p. 72.
- ^ Morris 2019.
- ^ a b Sissons 2020, p. 107.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 321.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 330.
- ^ a b Morris 2019, p. 337.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 340.
- ^ a b Morris 2019, p. 341.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 350.
- ^ a b Morris 2019, p. 364.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 365.
- ^ Carrel 2005, p. 195.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 279.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 285.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 290.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 295.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 299.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 311.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 313.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 347.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 349.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 360.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 368.
- ^ Morris 2019, p. 369.
Sources
edit- Carrel, Michael (2005). Australia's Prosecution of Japanese War Criminals: Stimuli and Constraints (PDF) (PhD). University of Melbourne. OCLC 224899522.
- Cushman, Gregory T. (2013). Guano and the Opening of the Pacific World: A Global Ecological History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-31072-8. OCLC 1128417651.
- Dunne, Bridget; Durham, Helen (2016). "The Prosecution of Crimes against Civilians". In Fitzpatrick, Georgina; McCormack, Timothy L.H.; Morris, Narrelle (eds.). Australia's War Crimes Trials 1945-51. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Nijhoff. pp. 196–235. doi:10.1163/9789004292055_008. ISBN 9789004292055. OCLC 958044885.
- Ellis, Albert Fuller (1946). Mid-Pacific Outposts. Brown and Stewart Limited. OCLC 508320723.
- Field, Michael (2005). "Kabunare's story". In Shennan, Jennifer; Tekenimatang, Makin Corrie (eds.). One and a Half Pacific Islands: Stories the Banaban People Tell of Themselves. Wellington: Victoria University Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 978-0-86473-523-2.
- "Japs Massacre Ocean Islanders After Surrender – Two Officers on Trial in Rabaul for Vile Crime". Pacific Islands Monthly. XVI (10). Sydney: Pacific Publications: 13. 16 May 1946. ISSN 0030-8722. nla.obj-330804362 – via Trove.
- Macdonald, Barrie (2001). Cinderellas of the Empire: Towards a History of Kiribati and Tuvalu. Suva, Fiji: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific. ISBN 982020335X. OCLC 494270319.
- Morris, Narrelle (2013). "Justice for 'Asian' Victims: The Australian War Crimes Trials of the Japanese, 1945–51". In Heller, Kevin; Simpson, Gerry (eds.). The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 348–366. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.001.0001. ISBN 9780199671144.
- Morris, Narrelle (2019). Japanese war crimes in the Pacific: Australia's investigations and prosecutions (PDF). Kingston, ACT: National Archives of Australia. ISBN 978-1-922209-22-1.
- Pappas, Caroline (1998). Law and Politics: Australia's War Crimes Trials in the Pacific, 1943- 1961 (PhD). University of New South Wales. OCLC 222558875.
- Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-military Study. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31395-0. OCLC 475274605.
- Shennan, Jennifer; Tekenimatang, Makin Corrie (2005). One and a Half Pacific Islands: Stories the Banaban People Tell of Themselves. Victoria University Press. ISBN 978-0-86473-523-2.
- Sissons, David (2020). Tamura, Keiko; Stockwin, Arthur (eds.). Bridging Australia and Japan: Volume 2 the writings of David Sissons, historian and political scientist. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU Press. doi:10.22459/BAJ.2020. ISBN 9781760463762. OCLC 962408104. S2CID 225347954.
- Tanaka, Yuki (November 2010). "Japanese Atrocities on Nauru during the Pacific War: The murder of Australians, the massacre of lepers and the ethnocide of Nauruans". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. 8 (45). ISSN 1557-4660.
- Teaiwa, Katerina Martina (2015). Consuming Ocean Island: Stories of People and Phosphate from Banaba. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01460-3.