The IBM MT/ST (Magnetic Tape/Selectric Typewriter, and known in Europe as MT72[1]) was a model of the IBM Selectric typewriter, built into its own desk, integrated with magnetic tape recording and playback facilities, located in an attached enclosure, with controls and a bank of relays.[2] It was released by IBM in 1964.[3][4] It recorded text typed on 1/2" magnetic tape, approximately 25 kilobytes per tape cassette,[2] and allowed editing and re-recording during playback. It was the first system marketed as a word processor.[4] Most models had two tape drives, which greatly facilitated revision and enabled features such as mail merge.[4] An add-on module added a third tape station, to record the combined output of playback from the two stations.
The MT/ST automated word wrap, but it had no screen, automated hyphenation (soft hyphens were available), or concept of the page; pages had to be divided and numbered by the human operator during playback. Instruction manuals taught the operator the importance of listening to the sounds of the machine during playback. The backspace key backed up the tape so a character could be recorded over; there was also a true backspace code, which allowed overstruck characters, like á. Insertion capabilities were limited: one could insert while copying from one tape station to the other; on a single tape one null character per line was reserved for insertions. A "switch code" instructed the playback to switch to the other tape drive. In a cumbersome way, points on the tape could be marked and jumped to.
The MT/ST was not electronic; it implemented its functions through a bank of electromechanical relays.
In 1967 IBM hired Muppets creator Jim Henson to produce and direct a short film on the MT/ST; the film, called Paperwork Explosion,[5] was scored by electronic music pioneer Raymond Scott.[4]
The first novel to be written on a word processor, Len Deighton's 1970 Second World War historical novel Bomber, about an RAF Bomber Command raid over Germany, was written on the MT/ST.[1]
The MT/ST was also used as a data entry device for early issues of the RILM Abstracts scholarly publication at the City University of New York Graduate Center. Cartridges created on the MT/ST were read by an IBM 2495 Tape Cartridge Reader onto an IBM System/360 mainframe for further processing before being sent to be printed.
The MT/ST became obsolete in the 1970s, when it was displaced by floppy disk-based systems.[3] IBM discontinued support in 1983.
MT/SC
editIn 1967 the Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer (MT/SC) appeared. It was an output device which played back tapes recorded and edited on the MT/ST. It was physically similar to the MT/ST, but its tape unit had only one tape reader. Built into the desk, instead of the Selectric typewriter, was an IBM Selectric Composer, previously an unautomated device. It used typeballs similar but not interchangeable with those of the Selectric, with three type sizes (10, 12, and 15 characters per inch), fractional interword spacing, bold, italic (but not bold italic), and a variety of serif and sans-serif typefaces, such as Bodoni, Univers, Times Roman, and the like. It produced fully justified, camera-ready output, but the manual version required that each line be typed twice, once to calculate the size of the precise interword spaces and a repeat typing to precisely insert them.
The MT/SC automated the Composer, and it printed at approximately the speed of the Selectric typewriter, automating the interword spaces and thus justifying the output. The MT/ST and MT/SC combination (two machines) put the rapid production of camera-ready copy, for the first time, within the budget of a small to medium-sized publisher. However, the need to stop the Composer twice whenever a typeface was changed or italic was used (once to change it and again to change it back), sometimes multiple times in the same sentence, could significantly slow down the procedure. The choice of element to be changed—which typeball would be installed—was manual and used information given to the operator but not encoded in the data stream. Like a typesetter, for example, the operator needed to know that titles are italicized.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b Kirschenbaum, Matthew (March 1, 2013). "The Book-Writing Machine: What was the first novel ever written on a word processor?". Slate. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
- ^ a b Eisenberg, Daniel [in Spanish] (1992). "Word Processing (History of)". Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science (PDF). Vol. 49. New York: Dekker. pp. 268–78. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 21, 2019.
- ^ a b Kunde, Brian (December 1986). "A Brief History of Word Processing (Through 1986)". Stanford University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-03. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ a b c d Kafka, Ben (May 18, 2011). "Paperwork Explosion". West 86th. Bard Graduate Center. ISSN 2153-5531. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-05-27.
- ^ Paperwork Explosion on YouTube. The Jim Henson Company. Retrieved 2011-05-27
External links
edit- Pieslak, Raymond F. (July 1974). "Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewrite" (PDF). Division of Vocational Education, Department of Education, State of New Jersey. ED 112 083.
- "IBM Magnetic Data Inscriber IBM50; IBM2495 Tape Cartridge Reader" (PDF). field engineering announcement. IBM. 229-3177.
"... employing a 16mm, sprocketed tape and an incremental tape drive. The tape cartridge is the same one used in the magnetic tape selectric typewriter (MT/ST). The IBM 50 uses EBCDIC encoding (8 tracks plus parity) and recording density is 20 bits per inch.
- "IBM Magnetic Tape Selectric Composer: Record Unit Training Guide MT/SY Models II and IV". IBM. 1968.
- "A novel, a writing machine and a leafy square in London". Digital Scholarship Blog. British Library. 3 May 2013.
... The machine was IBM's Magnetic Tape Selectric Typewriter (MT/ST). Its primary unit weighed 200lbs (ca 91 kg) and when Len Deighton leased it in 1968, a crane had to be used to get it into his house ...
- "Save As: UMD Scholar Tracks How Word Processors Changed Writing". TERP. University of Maryland. January 2017.