This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages)
|
A concern (German: Konzern [kɔnˈtsɛʁn] ) is a type of business group common in Europe, particularly in Germany. It results from the merger of several legally independent companies into a single economic entity under unified management.
A concern consists of a controlling enterprise and one or more controlled enterprises.[1] The relationship between the controlling and controlled enterprises is based on the actual commercial and management relationships, unlike parent and subsidiary companies which are related by share ownership and voting rights.[2]
Outside of professionals, the term Group, also mistakenly within the meaning of large companies – regardless of its corporate structure – is understood.
The Group concept has antitrust relevance: the so-called Group privilege, the privilege of the consolidated Group companies involved, means that in itself, prohibition included practices that do not violate German or European Commission (EC) antitrust law. On the other hand, the Group concept in the Banking Act is to the formation of a borrower unit to access large credit facilities.
Types
editThe 1965 Aktiengesetz, literally "stock law", but commonly known in English as the German Stock Corporation Act, defines a concern as: "one dominant and one or more dependent companies, together under the unified leadership of the ruling company".[3]
The Aktiengesetz applies only to any Aktiengesellschaften (AG; literally "stock company"; singular Aktiengesellschaft), which are analogous to public companies in the English-speaking world. An Aktiengesellschaft differs from a Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH), which is analogous to limited liability companies in other countries. A GmbH is regulated under the Gesetz betreffend die Gesellschaften mit beschränkter Haftung of 1892 (GmbH-Gesetz; literally "law concerning companies with limited liability").
Three different kinds of concern are identified under Aktiengesetz: the contractual concern, the factual concern, and the flat concern.[4]
Contractual
editIn this form of concern, the controlling enterprise and controlled enterprise enter into a control agreement – wherein the controlling enterprise can obtain management powers over the controlled enterprise, sometimes amounting to complete control – and/or a profit transfer agreement.[5] These powers may be used in a way that is detrimental to the subsidiary, provided that they are in the interests of the concern and do not damage the legal separateness of the subsidiary.[4]
In return, the controlling enterprise is liable to compensate the controlled enterprise for all deficits of the controlled enterprise during the term of the agreement.[4]
Factual
editIn this form of concern, the controlling enterprise exerts a controlling influence on the controlled enterprise, but there is no formal control or profit transfer agreement.[1] If one company owns a majority in another company, then the first company is deemed to exert a controlling influence.[1] The parent company is then liable for any damage which results from the interference of the parent company in the subsidiary, which is judged on a case-by-case basis.[4] This kind of concern is more difficult to establish and so is more uncommon.[4]
Flat
editIn this version, there is no parent company, instead a number of legally separate companies are subject to common direction.[3]
Other forms
editTo apply the law of concern to concerns involving German limited liability companies, the German courts have created the qualified de facto concern, beginning in the 1970s.[4] This form of concern applies only in parent subsidiary relationships. If the parent is shown to have a long-standing and pervasive control over the affairs of the subsidiary, then there is a presumption that the parent was not acting in the best interests of the subsidiary. If the parent is unable to displace this presumption, then the parent is liable for all the obligations of the subsidiary.[4]
This type of concern was limited by the German Federal Supreme Court in 2002 to only apply where the control is such that the subsidiary will inevitably collapse or become insolvent, on the basis that the parent has abused the separate legal personality of the subsidiary.[4]
Conglomerate
edit(inorganic groups) A conglomerate consists of enterprises from different businesses. Unlike the concern, the companies in a conglomerate have a limited business relationship with each other.
See also
edit
References
edit- ^ a b c Stock Corporation Act 1965 (Germany), section 17
- ^ Stock Corporation Act 1965 (Germany), section 16
- ^ a b Stock Corporation Act 1965 (Germany), section 18
- ^ a b c d e f g h Reich-Graefe, Rene (2005). "Changing Paradigms: The Liability of Corporate Groups in Germany". Connecticut Law Review. 37.
- ^ Stock Corporation Act 1965 (Germany), section 291
External links
edit- Emmerich, Volker; Habersack, Mathias (2008). Equity Group Ltd. and legal (5th ed.). Munich. ISBN 978-3-406-55915-0.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Hoffman, Friedrich, ed. (1993). Group Guide. Wiesbaden. ISBN 3-409-19953-5.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Herkenroth, Klaus; Hein, Oliver; Labermeier, Alexander; Pache, Sven; Striegel, Andres; Wiedenfels, Matthias (2007). group tax law. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8349-0474-4.
- Löding, Thomas; Schulze, Kay Oliver; Sundermann, Jutta (2006). group, criticism, campaign! Ideas and practice for social movements. Hamburg: VSA-Verlag. ISBN 3-89965-199-5.
- Scheffler, Eberhard (2005). Management Group (2nd ed.). Munich. ISBN 3-8006-3097-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Schulte-Zurhausen, Manfred (2002). Organisation (3rd ed.). Vahlen Publisher. ISBN 3-8006-2825-2.
- Theisen, Manuel René (2000). The group – legal and economic foundations of the enterprise group (2nd ed.). Schäfer-Poeschel. ISBN 3-7910-1487-0.
- Werner, Klaus (2006). The new Black Book brand companies. The machinations of the corporate world. Ullstein Publishing House. ISBN 3-548-36847-6.