King Leopold's Soliloquy is a 1905 pamphlet by American author Mark Twain.[1] Its subject is King Leopold's rule over the Congo Free State. A work of political satire harshly condemnatory of his actions, it ostensibly recounts a fictional monologue of Leopold II speaking in his own defense.
 First edition book cover | |
| Author | Mark Twain |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Genre | pamphlet |
| Publisher | Warren Co. |
Publication date | 1905 |
| Publication place | United States |
| Media type | |
| Pages | 49 pp |
| Preceded by | Extracts from Adam's Diary |
| Followed by | The War Prayer |
Content
editKing Leopold II raves madly about the good things that he says he has done for the people of the Congo Free State, including the disbursement of millions on religion and art. He says he had come to Congo with piety "oozing" from "every pore", that he had only wanted to convert the people to Christianity, that he had wanted to stop the slave trade.
Leopold II says that he did not take any of the government money, that he did not use the revenues as his personal "swag", and that such claims by the "meddlesome American missionaries", "frank British consuls", and "blabbing Belgian-born traitors" are wholly false. He asserts that for a king to be criticized as he has been is blasphemy—surely, under the rule of God, any king who was not doing God's will would not have been helped by God.
The book mentions the critical report by the missionary William Henry Sheppard on an 1899 massacre of over 80 people by Zappo Zaps sent to collect taxes.[2] Leopold claims that his critics only speak of what is unfavorable to him, such as the unfair taxes that he levied upon the people of the Congo, which caused starvation and the extermination of entire villages, but not of the fact that he had sent missionaries to the villages to convert them to Christianity.[3]
Publication
editThe book was published in English, French, German and Italian. Two German-language editions were published in East Germany in 1961 and 1967 and a further edition was published in 2014.[4] The American publisher P. R. Warren Company from Boston, donated all surplus to relief and aid in the Congo atrocities.
See also
edit
- Atrocities in the Congo Free State
- Congo Free State propaganda war – Propaganda campaign waged by adherents and critics of the Congo Free State
- Congo Reform Association – Political and humanitarian activist group
References
edit- ^ Twain, Mark (1905). King Leopold's Soliloquy: A Defense of His Congo Rule. Boston, Mass.: The P. R. Warren Co. Retrieved December 9, 2018 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Thompson, T. Jack (June 29, 2007). "Capturing the Image: African Missionary Photography as Enslavement and Liberation" (PDF). Yale University Divinity School. pp. 18–19. Retrieved 2011-12-06.
- ^ page 7-8/ facsimile of the original 1st edition.
- ^ Mark Twain, König Leopolds Selbstgespräch: Eine Verteidigung seiner Herrschaft im Kongo. Berlin: Tribüne, 1961. Übersetzt und mit einem Vorwort von Stefan Heym. Hrsg. im Auftrag d. FDGB - Bundesvorstandes. Also: Mark Twain, König Leopolds Selbstgespräch: Essays, Berichte, Skizzen. Berlin: Aufbau Verlag, 1979. Aus dem Amerkanischen übertragen von Ana Maria Brock.
External links
edit- King Leopold's Soliloquy by Mark Twain PDF download at American Museum of Natural History
King Leopold's Soliloquy public domain audiobook at LibriVox- AMNH.org's (American Museum of Natural History) PDFs of King Leopold's Soliloquy
- Full online text of Twain's King Leopold's Soliloquy (archive.org, 2 July 2012)
- King Leopold's Soliloquy at Project Gutenberg
