Jedlička (feminine Jedličková) is a Czech surname, meaning a small fir tree.
Notable persons with the surname include:
- Arnošt Jedlička (1888–1968), Czech entomologist
- Gotthard Jedlicka (1899–1965), Swiss art historian and writer
- Jiří Jedlička (born 1987), Czech swimmer
- Josef Jedlička (1927–1990), Czech writer
- Marie Jedličková (1887–1982), Czech opera singer
- Martin Jedlička (born 1998), Czech footballer
- Michal Jedlička (born 1973), Czech orienteering competitor
- Niki Jedlicka (born 1987), Austrian poker player
- Rudolf Jedlička (1869–1926), Czech physician, founder of Jedlička Institute
- Vít Jedlička (born 1983), Czech politician and activist