Hélène Smith (real name Catherine-Elise Müller, December 9, 1861, Martigny – June 10, 1929, Geneva) was a famous late-19th century French medium. She was known as "the Muse of Automatic Writing" by the Surrealists, who viewed Smith as evidence of the power of the surreal, and a symbol of surrealist knowledge.[1] Late in life, Smith claimed to communicate with Martians, and to be a reincarnation of a Hindu princess and Marie Antoinette.
Early life
editDaughter of a Hungarian merchant, Smith worked as an employee in a commercial house. She discovered spiritualism in 1891 and joined a spiritualist "development" circle. According to her fellow believers, she began to show evidence of mediumistic abilities in 1892, and claimed to communicate with Victor Hugo and Cagliostro.
Career as medium
editShe became well known in Geneva, and it was there that Flournoy made her acquaintance. Her channeling evolved from the usual raps and table-tipping to somnambulatory trances, of which she remembered nothing. While in this state she experienced clear images of faraway places such as a civilization on Mars, and of her own former lives. She would write out the Martian communications on paper and translate them into French, popularizing automatic writing.
In 1900, Élise Müller became famous with the publication of Des Indes à la Planete Mars ("From India to the Planet Mars") by Théodore Flournoy, Professor of Psychology at the University of Geneva. The medium and the psychologist remained very close until 1899, when "Des Indes à la planète Mars" was first published. The book documented her various series of experiences in terms of romantic cycles: the "Martian" cycle, "Ultramartian" cycle, "Hindu", "Oriental", and "royal" cycles.
In 1900, a certain Mrs. Jackson, a rich American spiritualist who was impressed by Müller, offered her a salary which would permit her to quit her job and dedicate herself to pursuing and documenting her experiences. Müller accepted and was able to continue with further cycles. She also began to paint her visions and particular religious images of Christ.
Smith is mentioned by André Breton in his book Nadja where he compares her to the eponymous character.
"A brief scene in dialogue at the end of my "Poisson Soluble," and which seems to be all she has yet read of the Manifest, a scene whose precise meaning moreover...gives her the impression of having actually participated in it and even of having played the-if anything obscure- part of Hélène."[2]
Evaluation
editThéodore Flournoy considered her "cycles" as the products of what he judged to be infantile imaginings and her Martian language as a mere constructed language.[3] Flournoy concluded that her "Martian" language had a strong resemblance to Ms. Smith's native language of French and that her automatic writing was "romances of the subliminal imagination, derived largely from forgotten sources (for example, books read as a child)." He invented the term cryptomnesia to describe this phenomenon.[4][5][6]
Psychologists Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones have written:
Flournoy was able to show her Martian language was an artful fabrication. Although it sounded decidedly foreign, frequency analysis of words and letters and an examination of the syntax convinced Flournoy that the language had all the basic structural characteristics of French, Hélène Smith's native tongue. In a subsequent investigation, Flournoy reported that the source of a short phrase that she had written in Arabic during her Indian cycle probably came from having seen an identical phrase inscribed in a book owned by a Genevan physician. She had retained a visual image of the script and, in due time, copied it from memory in an uncertain hand.[7]
The case was examined in depth by psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe in 1952 who noted that Smith had suffered from a fantasy prone personality and hysterical hallucinations.[8]
References
edit- ^ Rosemont, Penelope. (1998). Surrealist Women. University of Texas Press. p. xlii. ISBN 0-292-77087-1
- ^ Breton, Andre (1999). Nadja. Great Britain: Penguin Books. pp. 79–80.
- ^ Flournoy, Théodore. (1901). From India to the Planet Mars, a Study of Somnambulism with Glossolalia. English edition translated by Daniel Vermilye. Harper. p. 193, pp. 245-260
- ^ Randi, James. (1995). An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. St. Martin's Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-312-15119-5
- ^ Baker, Robert A. (1996). Cryptomnesia. In Gordon Stein. The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 188. ISBN 1-57392-021-5 "The term Cryptomnesia itself we owe to the Swiss psychologist Theodore Flournoy and his investigations of the psychic-medium Hélène Smith (1861-1929), fully recounted in his book From India to the Planet Mars (1963). Flournoy not only analyzed, but also convincingly disproved Hélène Smith's supernormal claims."
- ^ Tallis, Frank. (2002). Hidden Minds: A History of the Unconscious. Profile Books. p. 29. ISBN 1-55970-643-0
- ^ Zusne, Leonard; Jones, Warren H. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. p. 224. ISBN 978-0-805-80507-9
- ^ Rawcliffe, Donovan. (1988, originally published 1952). Occult and Supernatural Phenomena. Dover Publications. pp. 178-186. ISBN 0-486-25551-4
External links
edit- Flournoy, From India to the Planet Mars, English translation of the 1901 edition. Entire text on line at Google Books; PDF available for download.
- full text of From India to the Planet Mars at sacred-texts.com (different scan than Google).
- Théodore Flournoy, Des Indes à la planète Mars Archived 2009-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Étude sur un cas de somnambulisme avec glossolalie, Éditions Alcan et Eggimann, Paris et Genève, 1900
- Daniel Rosenberg, article in Cabinet magazine on Helene Smith
- Huub Engels, Understanding the Glossolalia of Hélène Smith, the Famous Spiritist Medium
- Huub Engels, PhD thesis (in Dutch) paying attention to the Martian language of Hélène Smith in chapter 7. Summary in English on pages 207-214