Gustav Arnold Hedlund (May 7, 1904 – March 15, 1993), an American mathematician, was one of the founders of symbolic and topological dynamics.
Gustav A. Hedlund | |
|---|---|
 Gustav Hedlund, 1969 | |
| Born | May 7, 1904 |
| Died | March 15, 1993 (aged 88) |
| Alma mater | Columbia University Harvard University |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Mathematics |
| Institutions | Yale University University of Virginia |
| Doctoral advisor | Marston Morse |
| Doctoral students | |
Biography
editHedlund was born May 7, 1904, in Somerville, Massachusetts. He did his undergraduate studies at Harvard University, earned a master's degree from Columbia University, and returned to Harvard for his doctoral studies. He was a student of Marston Morse, under whose supervision he received a Ph.D. in 1930 with thesis entitled "I. Geodesics on a Two-Dimensional Riemannian Manifold with Periodic Coefficients II. Poincare's Rotation Number and Morse's Type Number".[1][2][3][4]
While still studying at Columbia, Hedlund taught at Hunter College, and after receiving his doctorate he took a position at Bryn Mawr College, where he remained for nine years. From 1939 to 1948 he taught at the University of Virginia, after which he moved to Yale University. At Yale, he became the Philip Schuyler Beebe Professor of Mathematics, and chaired the mathematics department for ten years. He was also a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, which he visited in 1933, 1938, and 1953.[5] He was the Director of IDA's Communications Research Division in Princeton 1962-1963.[6] He retired from Yale in 1972, but afterwards held a visiting professorship at Wesleyan University.[1][2]
Hedlund died in 1993.[2] He has over 200 academic descendants, many of them through two of his students at Virginia, Walter Gottschalk and W. Roy Utz, Jr.[3]
Research
editOne of Hedlund's early results was an important theorem about the ergodicity of geodesic flows.[7] He also made significant contributions to symbolic dynamics, whose origins as a field of modern mathematics can be traced to a 1944 paper of Hedlund, and to topological dynamics.[1][2]
The Curtis–Hedlund–Lyndon theorem, a topological characterization of cellular automata, is named after Hedlund. Hedlund first published this theorem in 1969, crediting Morton L. Curtis and Roger Lyndon as co-discoverers.[8]
Hedlund was the co-author of the book Topological Dynamics (with Walter Gottschalk, American Mathematical Society, 1955).[9][10]
Awards and honors
editHedlund was elected to Sigma Xi in 1943.[11]
In 1972, a conference on topological dynamics was held to honor Hedlund on the occasion of his retirement from Yale. The editor of the festschrift from the conference, Anatole Beck, wrote that it was "our token of respect to the man who did so much to foster and build this field".[12]
References
edit- ^ a b c Beck, Anatole, ed. (1973), "Citation read to the Faculty of Graduate School of Yale University on the occasion of Professor Hedlund's retirement", Proceedings of the Conference on Topological Dynamics held at Yale University on August 23, 1972, in honor of Professor Gustav Arnold Hedlund on the occasion of his retirement, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 318, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, p. viii+285, MR 0370654.
- ^ a b c d G. A. Hedlund Papers, 1941-1945, 2008, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin, retrieved 2011-09-10.
- ^ a b Gustav Arnold Hedlund at the Mathematics Genealogy Project.
- ^ Hedlund, Gustav A. (1932). "Poincaré's rotational number and Morse's type number" (PDF). Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 34 (1): 75–97. doi:10.2307/1989503. JSTOR 1989503. MR 1501630.
- ^ Hedlund, Gustav A., Institute for Advanced Study
- ^ David I. Lieberman (1989). "Letter to the editor: Center for Communications Research". The Institute of Mathematical Statistics Bulletin. 18 (6): 581.
- ^ Dynamics of Geodesic Flow. In: Bulletin of the AMS. vol. 45, 1939.
- ^ Hedlund, G. A. (1969), "Endomorphisms and Automorphisms of the Shift Dynamical Systems", Mathematical Systems Theory, 3 (4): 320–375, doi:10.1007/BF01691062, S2CID 21803927.
- ^ Review of Topological Dynamics by Y. N. Dowker, MR0074810.
- ^ Halmos, Paul R. (1955). "Review: Topological dynamics, by W. H. Gottschalk and G. A. Hedlund" (PDF). Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. 61 (6): 584–588. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1955-09999-3. MR 1565733.
- ^ "Sigma Xi Elects Eleven Persons To Membership", The Cavalier Daily, April 21, 1943.
- ^ Beck, Anatole, ed. (1973), Proceedings of the Conference on Topological Dynamics held at Yale University on August 23, 1972, in honor of Professor Gustav Arnold Hedlund on the occasion of his retirement, Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Vol. 318, vol. 318, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/BFb0061716, ISBN 978-3-540-06187-8, MR 0370654.
- Literature by and about Gustav A. Hedlund in the German National Library catalogue