The Hanish Islands (Arabic: جزر حنيش, romanized: juzur ḥanīš, Tigrinya: ደሴታት ሃኒሽ, romanized: däsetat haniš) is an archipelago in the Red Sea consisting of a trio of major islands at the centre of an array of smaller islets and rocks.[1] The three major islands are the northern Zuqar Island, the southern Great Anish (Al-anīsh al-Kabīr), and the significantly smaller Little Anish (Al-anīsh al-Ṣaghīr) in between. The archipelago is largely under the control of Yemen, with only several small south-western rocks and islets granted to Eritrea following the Hanish Islands conflict in 1994–1995.
.jpg) The archipelago seen from the ISS | |
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| Geography | |
| Location | Red Sea |
| Coordinates | 13°45′N 42°45′E / 13.750°N 42.750°E |
| Adjacent to | Bab-el-Mandeb |
| Major islands |
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| Highest elevation | 2,047 ft (623.9 m) |
| Highest point | Jabal Zuqar, Zuqar Island[1] |
| Administration | |
| Governorate | Al Hudaydah |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
History
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The Ottoman Empire exercised claim over the Hanish archipelago until its dissolution following World War I, after which the sovereignty and political status of the islands were left indeterminate by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.[1] Italy exercised loose control over the fishermen frequenting the archipelago through its geographical proximity to Italian Eritrea, until the country's occupation by the British in 1915 to "forestall the Italians".[2][1]
In 1938 Italy and the United Kingdom signed the Anglo-Italian Agreement Regarding Certain Areas in the Middle East, which left the issue unresolved with both parties agreeing not to exercise sovereignty over the islands outside of the stationing of agreed officials.[3]
In 1962 the United Kingdom signed an international treaty affirming its continued maintenance of lighthouses on the archipelago, first established in the 1938 treaty, although this treaty was not signed by Ethiopia or North Yemen. Responsibility for the lighthouses was turned over to Yemen in 1989.[4]
Eritrean independence groups used the archipelago, particularly Zuqar Island, as a base for attacks on Ethiopian military interests, leading to the Ethiopian desire for control over the archipelago.[5]
Eritrea succeeded in gaining its independence in 1991, and subsequently began attempts to negotiate and exercise sovereignty over the archipelago, particularly Great Anish. The breakdown of peaceful negotiations with Yemen in 1995 resulted in the Hanish Islands conflict, a territorial war that would last two years. In 1998, both countries agreed to accept arbitration, after which the Permanent Court of Arbitration determined that the archipelago belonged to Yemen, only granting several small islands and islets to Eritrean sovereignty. The conflict ultimately claimed the lives of 4-15 Yemenis and twelve Eritreans.[1]
The archipelago would become the scene of intense fighting during the 2015 Yemeni Civil War, when forces loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh and Houthi insurgents on one side fought against forces loyal to acting president Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi, backed by Gulf Arab coalition forces, on the other.[6]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ a b c d e "Ḥanīsh Islands". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 8 October 2022.
- ^ Baldry, John (1976). "Anglo-Italian Rivalry in Yemen and ʿAsīr 1900-1934". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 155–193. doi:10.2307/1570344. ISSN 0043-2539. JSTOR 1570344.
- ^ Dzurek, Daniel J. (Spring 1996). "Eritrea-Yemen Dispute Over the Hanish Islands" (PDF). IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin: 70=77. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2012.
- ^ Lefebvre, Jeffrey A. (Summer 1998). "Red Sea Security and the Geopolitical-Economy of the Hanish Islands Dispute". Middle East Journal. 52 (3): 370. JSTOR 4329218.
- ^ Killion, Tom (1998). Historical Dictionary of Eritrea. The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-3437-5.[page needed]
- ^ "Coalition forces capture Yemeni islands from Houthis". Al Jazeera. 10 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.