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Gold teeth are a form of dental prosthesis where the visible part of a tooth is replaced or capped with a prosthetic molded from gold.[1]
History
editThe first printed book on dentistry, Artzney Buchlein (or The Little Pharmacopaeia), was published by Michael Blum in 1530 in Leipzig. The book provides advice on treating tooth decay, recommending cleaning the cavity and filling it with gold leaf. This advice is attributed to Mesue, though his identity is uncertain. The use of gold leaf for dental fillings was confirmed by earlier Renaissance figures like Giovanni d'Arcoli and Giovanni da Vigo.[2]
Gold dental appliances have gone in and out of popularity as a status symbol for many years. Archeologists also found gold dental appliances from the Etruscan people of Italy, as early as 630 BCE, interpreting them to be some of the earliest forms of bridges and replacement teeth. Gold wire was used in dentistry in ancient times,[3] and for filling cavities in the 19th century.[4] Gold is suitable for dentistry because it is malleable, nearly immune to corrosion, and closely mimics the hardness of natural teeth, thereby causing no harm to natural teeth during chewing.[5] Gold was used before silver became available and has continued to be used for specialized purposes.[5] Dental restorations are often made from a combination of precious metals.[5]
As the dental industry adopted CAD/CAM processes for most of the crown and bridge fabrication, gold manufacturing still relied on the ancient "lost wax" technique, which requires a significant amount of time, skill, and labor. Recent developments have seen the advent of CAD/CAM milling of 100 mm diameter pucks of dental alloy to facilitate the direct milling of crowns and bridges from the solid puck. This effectively eliminated the risk and difficulty of the lost wax process and simultaneously improved upon the quality of the devices.[6]
World War II
edit
In Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account, concentration camp survivor Dr. Miklós Nyiszli (who served on Dr. Josef Mengele's medical kommando) describes the "tooth-pulling kommando". These teams of eight, all "fine stomatologists and dental surgeons" equipped "in one hand with a lever, and in the other a pair of pliers for extracting teeth", worked in the crematoria. Stationed in front of the ovens, their job was to pry open the mouths of prisoners who had been gassed and extract, or break off, "all gold teeth, as well as any gold bridgework and fillings". The teeth were collected and stored at the camp before being sent on to the Reichsbank to be melted down and converted into gold bullion, which could then be sold with no trace of its origin.[7]
United States
editGold alloys are still used by dentists today. They most often combine gold with other metals such as palladium, nickel, or chromium to increase the strength of the crown.[citation needed]
Gold teeth were first present in America during the Jim Crow era. Originally, it had become a tradition in Louisiana before becoming a fashion trend around the Deep South region in the early 1900s.[8] After slavery, it was believed that many African Americans who were former slaves began getting the permanent gold caps to replace their rotting teeth that have deteriorated. It later became a symbol of wealth for ex-slaves who once worked on the plantation fields in the South, specifically Louisiana, where it first become a tradition. Blues, Jazz and freed slaves who had money would get the permanent gold cap fillings as a fashion statement as flaunted by Jack Johnson, the first black heavyweight boxing champion.[9][10]
Historical information
edit"In the 1800s, dentists started to use gold as material for filling teeth." Gold fillings are thought to be older than "amalgam fillings, and by extension, that makes them much older than composite or porcelain fillings."[11][better source needed]
According to the Wall Street Journal, Dr. Ruchi Sahota, a dentist in Fremont, Calif., reports that gilded canines and incisors were common throughout the early and mid 1900s. “Gold was used very, very often, for routine dental procedures" for people. [12]
Britannica cites American dentist William Taggart who in 1907 introduced a precision machine that allowed dentists to create gold restorations with minimal tooth removal."[13]
Current use
edit
In many regions of the world, including some parts of Eastern Europe[where?], Central Asia[where?], and the Caucasus Regions[where?], gold teeth are also worn as a status symbol. They are considered a symbol of wealth and sometimes installed in the place of healthy teeth or as crowns over filed-down healthy teeth.[citation needed]
Grills
editGrills, false tooth covers made of metal, have become a popular hip hop fashion in the United States since the 1980s in New York City. In the early 2000s, grills were again popularized in hip hop videos by Nelly, Three 6 Mafia, Lil Wayne, Ludacris, Paul Wall, and other rappers from the southern U.S. Gold grills are still being sported by rappers today and even include diamonds of various colors. Grills were also worn by Miley Cyrus, Beyoncé, and Madonna.[14] While some rap musicians have had their gold teeth permanently attached to existing teeth, most people who purchase them for aesthetic purposes opt for removable gold teeth caps.[15] In 2005, Nelly released the rap single "Grillz" which promotes the dental procedure.
See also
edit
Notes
edit- ^ "The Ancient History of Grills - VICE". 15 December 2014.
- ^ Donaldson, J. A. (1980). "The use of gold in dentistry: An historical overview. Part I". Gold Bulletin. 13 (3): 117–124. doi:10.1007/BF03216551. ISSN 0017-1557.
- ^ "13,000-Year-Old Fillings Prove Ancient Dentistry Was Brutal - D-brief". Archived from the original on 2019-09-04. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
- ^ "The History of Dental Fillings". 27 February 2013.
- ^ a b c Knosp, Helmut; Holliday, Richard J.; Corti, Christopher W. (2003-09-01). "Gold in dentistry: Alloys, uses and performance". Gold Bulletin. 36 (3): 93–102. doi:10.1007/BF03215496. ISSN 2190-7579.
- ^ Johnson, Russell; Verrett, Ronald; Haney, Stephan; Mansueto, Michael; Challa, Suman (January 2017). "Marginal Gap of Milled versus Cast Gold Restorations". Journal of Prosthodontics. 26 (1): 56–63. doi:10.1111/jopr.12432. ISSN 1532-849X. PMID 26845495. S2CID 3004113.
- ^ a b Nyiszli, Miklós (2011). "Chapter III". Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. Translated by Richard Seaver. New York: Arcade Publishing. pp. 53–55. ISBN 9781611450118. OCLC 761307497.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "History of the Grill". 16 July 2006.
- ^ http://www.neworleansbar.org/uploads/files/Creative%20Crescent%20City_8-1300014275.pdfhtml [bare URL]
- ^ "In Your Face Madison Man Can Create All Types of Flashy Dental Grills". 20 January 2007.
- ^ "7 Golden Facts About Gold Teeth and Grills | Explorer". 14 April 2017. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
- ^ "Beyond Bling: The Over-The-Top History of Gold Teeth | Explorer". November 13, 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
- ^ "Dentistry in 18th- and 19th-century America | Explorer". Jul 26, 1999. Retrieved August 1, 2022.
- ^ "Pop Star Ladies Wearing Grills: Madonna, Miley, Beyonce & More Show Off Golden Chops". Billboard.
- ^ Schepp, David (August 3, 2001). "Gold teeth are a gold mine". BBC News. Retrieved January 16, 2006.
Further reading
edit- May, Meredith (May 1, 2005). "The gold standard of style: No longer just for tough guys, glittering grills go mainstream". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved August 28, 2015.
External links
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