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Gay gang murders

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The gay gang murders[3][4] are a series of suspected anti-LGBT hate crimes perpetrated by large gangs of youths in Sydney, between 1970 and 2010, with most occurring in 1989 and 1990. The majority of these occurred at local gay beats, and were known to the police as locations where gangs of teenagers targeted homosexuals.[5][6] In particular, many deaths are associated with the cliffs of Marks Park, Tamarama, where the victims would allegedly be thrown or herded off the cliffs to their deaths.[7] As many as 88 gay men were murdered by these groups in the period,[8] with many of the deaths unreported, considered accidents or suicides at the time.[9]

Gay gang murders
Tamarama
Date1970–2010, most active from 1987 to 1999
Duration40 years
LocationMarks Park, Tamarama
Coordinates33°53′55″S 151°16′23″E / 33.8984765°S 151.2730416°E / -33.8984765; 151.2730416
Also known asSydney Cliff Murders
TypeHate crime
CauseAnti-LGBT sentiment
TargetGay and transgender people
Participants
  • The Bondi Boys
  • Alexandria Eight
  • Tamarama Three
  • North Narra Boys
[1]
Outcome
  • Operation Taradale
  • Strike Force Parrabell
  • NSW parliamentary & judicial inquest
DeathsUp to 88
Arrests96[2]: 33 
Accused
  • Sean Cushman
Convicted
  • Tamarama Three
  • Alexandria Eight
  • Scott White
Convictions80

Today a memorial to the victims is in Marks Park.[10]

Groups edit

Alexandria Eight edit

In 1991, the "Alexandria Eight" were convicted for the murder of Richard Johnson the previous year in a bathroom at Alexandria Park.[11] In a recording taken of the group in the prison, they also bragged of murdering a gay man at the Marks Park cliffs (described as "cliff jumping").[3]: 32 [11][12] Though he met resistance from within the force, investigating officer Steve McCann followed up this evidence, eventually learning of the "Bondi Boys".[4]

The Bondi Boys edit

The Bondi Boys were the largest and most prolific of the groups, constisting of 30 men and women aged from 12 to 18.[3]: 138  They are primarily associated with deaths at Marks Park,[13] and also referred to themselves with the abbreviations PTK and PSK, generally understood to mean "People that Kill" and "Park Side Killers" respectively.[3]: 139 [14] In 1989, David McMahon, a victim who had escaped being thrown from the cliffs, identified Sean Cushman and another person as two members of the group.[15] Neither were charged.[3]: 162  While they attacked McMahon, they allegedly discussed a similar murder committed at the cliffs a month prior, pointing to them also perpetrating the death of John Russell.[13]

When interviewed by Operation Taradale, former members of the Bondi Boys denied that anyone was killed by their group.[16]

Tamarama Three edit

Three men were convicted for the assault and murder of Kritchikorn Rattanajaturathaporn on the Marks Park cliffs in 1990.[17][18][19]

Miscellaneous edit

A 2017 report by ACON identified two further groups operating in the period, the "North Narra Boys" who focused on North Narrabeen, and an unnamed gang that operated in the eastern suburbs of Sydney and used baseball bats to attack gay men.[20]

Investigations edit

Percentage of cases with evidence of bias crime, as determined by Strike Force Parrabell[2]: 24 

  Evidence (9%)
  Suspected (22%)
  Insufficient Information (29%)
  No Evidence (40%)

The murders and bashings that took place during the period were generally considered suicides or disconnected incidents at the time, and subsequently went largely uninvestigated for several decades.[3] Because of this inaction on the part of the police, various "gangs" were able to bash and murder gay men with little interference from authorities.[11] The most notable investigations prior to the formation of "Operation Taradale" were those preceding, and subsequently undertaken after, the arrests of the "Tamarama Three" and "Alexandria Eight".[15]

Operation Taradale edit

Operation Taradale was the first effort to reinvestigate cases from the period, originating in 2001 when Detective Sergeant Steve Page noticed a similarity between the deaths of Ross Warren and John Russell.[21]: 9  In both cases it had previously been found that the victims accidentally fell to their deaths from the cliffs of Marks Park.[5] In 2005, the final report was delivered to deputy coroner Jacqueline Milledge,[22] who subsequently recategorised the deaths of Warren and Russell as homicides,[23] describing the original investigations as "grossly inadequate" and "shameful".[24] It found that while police at the time were aware of the gangs of teenagers that committed the majority of these crimes, little was done to address the issue and early investigations into these attacks were "inadequate and naive".[5] In 2023, NSW Police "quietly reversed" their 2005 inquest findings,[25] and in evident seachange towards willingness to investigate gay related killings, welcomed the three $100,000 rewards posted for the capture of the killers of Warren, Mataini and Russell.[26]

Strike Force Parrabell edit

On 30 August 2015, Strike Force Parrabell was formed by the NSW police to investigate the circumstances of 88 deaths identified by several 2013 news articles[2]: 17  and a 2000 submission to the Australian Institute of Criminology.[2]: 19 [27] The force specifically focused on crimes that took place between 1976 and 2000.[2]: 14  In 2018, the Parrabell report was released,[28] identifying 23 cases between 1976 and 2000 as "unsolved".[29][30] Of the cases, 61% had insufficient information to determine if it was a "bias crime", and 22% had suspicions of being a "bias crime".[2]: 26 

In 2015, a $100,000 reward was offered by the NSW police for information leading to the culprits behind the murder of Warren, Russell, and Gilles Mattaini.[31][32]

In 2020, 49-year-old Scott White was arrested for the murder of Scott Johnson in 1988.[33] Although he initially pleaded "not guilty" to the charges,[34] in January 2022 White admitted to the murder of Johnson.[35] He was sentenced to 8 years and 3 months in prison later that year in May.[36]

Political response edit

 
Police Minister Ted Pickering and NSW Police Gay Liaison Officer Sue Thompson at the launch of the Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby's Streetwatch Report on 9 April 1990.[37]
(Photo: Xena&gabrielle)
 
Education Minister Virginia Chadwick (left) at her launch for GaLTaS of Jacqui Griffin's (centre) SchoolWatch Report at Randwick Boys High School whose Principal Geoff McNeill (right) issued the invitation. First published in Sydney Star Observer.[38]
(Photo: Mazz Images)
New South Wales Liberal Party politicians’ response to hate crime reports

The gay gang murders reached their zenith during the New South Wales 1988-1995 Coalition government led by Nick Greiner until 1992, when he was succeeded by John Fahey. The Coalition had come into power just 4 years after same-sex relationships were decriminalised in 1984, a reform most of the party had opposed, as had the Catholic Right of the Labor Party prior to Premier Neville Wran's whipped vote.[39] Despite the Coalition’s traditionally conservative opposition to LGBT rights however, senior figures within the Liberal Party spearheaded initiatives key to the investigation, prosecution, and ultimately the prevention of LGBT-related hate crime.[37][40]

NSW Police Minister Ted Pickering’s willingness to publicly launch the Gay & Lesbian Rights Lobby's (GLRL)Streetwatch Report on anti-LGBT+ violence in April 1990[41] was "an indication to the wider community that anti-LGBTIQ violence was unacceptable and required a government response."[37] Independent MP, Clover Moore (later to become Lord Mayor of Sydney) had been instrumental in alerting Pickering to the issues by taking him to "hot spots" in her Darlinghurst electorate of Sydney. The Streetwatch Report collected data directly from victims of anti-LGBTIQ attacks via surveys that were administered by the Gay and Lesbian Counselling Service and Lesbian Lines, and was followed by the GLRL's Off Our Backs Report and the Count and Counter Report.[42]

Because many gay bashings and homicides were being perpetrated by school-age youth gangs,[43] in February 1993 New South Wales Education Minister Virginia Chadwick agreed to a meeting with the Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students Association (GaLTaS) led by Co-Convenor Derek Williams with former GLRL Co-Convenor Carole Ruthchild and some of the students forced to quit school, in co-ordinated attempts to prevent students from becoming involved in serious crime, and to reduce the incidence of ubiquitous homophobic bullying and violence in her schools.[44][45]

GaLTaS Co-Convenor Jacqui Griffin's The SchoolWatch Report : A Study Into Anti-Lesbian and Anti-Gay Harassment and Violence in Australian Schools, with Foreword by Paul O'Grady MLC and Epilogue by Derek Williams[46][47] was modelled on the GLRL's Streetwatch Report.[41][48] Alongside its data documenting bullying and violence against LGBT+ students, Griffin's report revealed significant under-reporting by victims out of fear of reprisals, and outing to their families and peers.

A copy of the SchoolWatch Report was sent to Mrs Chadwick, who expressed alarm at its findings in an interview with The Sydney Morning Herald, confirming she had heard "very sad, and sometimes horrifying stories" about discrimination.[49] Chadwick subsequently launched the SchoolWatch Report on 6 March 1995 at Randwick Boys High School in a ceremony attended by teachers, students, Griffin, Williams, the headmaster Geoff McNeill who had invited Chadwick, and the school's P&C.[38]

Parliamentary and judicial inquiry edit

Following the recommendations of the Parrabell report, a parliamentary inquiry was initiated by the NSW legislative council in 2019.[50] This inquiry expanded the scope to include the period between 1970 and 2010, and delivered its report in February 2021. The report largely focused on analysing the case studies of suspected victims, and of determining the failings in police response at the time. It found that a persistent culture of homophobia and transphobia within the police force had led to many cases of homophobic attacks lacking thorough investigation.[21]: 36 

The final submission of the report led to the formation of a judicial inquiry on 4 November 2021.[51][52] By 2023, there were still "50 to 100 persons of interest at least known" to NSW Police.[53]

References edit

  1. ^ "In Pursuit of Truth and Justice" (PDF). ACON. 1 May 2018.
  2. ^ a b c d e f New South Wales. Police (issuing body) (2018), Strike Force Parrabell : final report, retrieved 6 November 2021
  3. ^ a b c d e f Davis, Kristen (January 2007). "Bondi's underbelly: the 'gay gang murders". Queer Space: Centres and Peripheries.
  4. ^ a b queerstorian (3 August 2020). "Ross Warren". World Queerstory. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Operation Taradale (2005). Inquest into the death of John Alan RUSSELL; Inquests into the suspected deaths of Ross Bradlev WARREN & Gilles Jacques MATTAINI (Report).
  6. ^ "Push for inquiry into gay hate crimes to investigate claims police turned blind eye". ABC News. 9 November 2021. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  7. ^ "The Gay-Hate Decades: 30 unsolved deaths". SBS. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  8. ^ "Scott Johnson death: Australian man arrested in gay hate killing cold case". BBC News. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Many of Garry's friends disappeared or were killed during dark chapter of Sydney's history". ABC News. 22 October 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  10. ^ "The Bondi Memorial: Rise". The Bondi Memorial: Rise. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Feneley, Rick (26 July 2013). "Up to 80 men murdered, 30 cases unsolved". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  12. ^ "Kill City – Face-to-face with Sydney's gay-bashing gangs". Neighbourhood Paper. 5 July 2017. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  13. ^ a b Callaghan, Greg (1 October 2021). "'A willingness to write crimes off': on the trail of the Bondi killers". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  14. ^ "Hate crimes". The Sydney Morning Herald. 10 April 2003. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  15. ^ a b "'He'd do it again today': Conversations with the gay-hate network". SBS News. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  16. ^ Davis, Kristen (1 December 2007). "The 'Bondi Boys'—Un/Australian?". Continuum. 21 (4): 501–510. doi:10.1080/10304310701629938. ISSN 1030-4312. S2CID 144905155.
  17. ^ Sean Patrick McAuliffe v The Queen (High Court of Australia 1995-06-28), Text.
  18. ^ Brito, Sam de (26 June 2015). "Somebody knows about Bondi hate crimes". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  19. ^ "Officer sacked over parolee affair". The Sydney Morning Herald. 12 October 2006. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  20. ^ Wotherspoon, Garry (1 May 2017). Gay Hate Crimes in New South Wales from the 1970s (Report). ACON.
  21. ^ a b New South Wales. Parliament. Legislative Council. Standing Committee on Social Issues (1 February 2019). Report No. 52 – Gay and Transgender hate crimes between 1970 and 2010 (PDF) (Report).
  22. ^ Callaghan, Greg (21 October 2021). "Investigation revealed evil and violence directed at gay men across Sydney". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  23. ^ "In pursuit of truth and justice". www.bondimemorial.com.au. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Sydney must share the shame of gay-hate crimes". The Sydney Morning Herald. 20 May 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  25. ^ Whitbourn, Michaela. (21 February 2023). Police quietly ‘reversed’ inquest findings on Bondi deaths, inquiry told. Sydney Morning Herald.
  26. ^ Deaths of Gilles Mattaini, Ross Warren and John Russell. New South Wales Police Force
  27. ^ Mouzos, Jenny; Thompson, Sue; Australian Institute of Criminology (2000), Gay-hate related homicides : an overview of major findings in New South Wales / Jenny Mouzos and Sue Thompson, Australian Institute of Criminology
  28. ^ "Strike Force Parrabell – NSW Police Public Site". www.police.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  29. ^ "Gay-hate bias 'almost impossible' to identify, police taskforce finds". ABC News. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  30. ^ Innis, Michelle (30 January 2017). "When Gangs Killed Gay Men for Sport: Australia Reviews 88 Deaths". New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  31. ^ Feneley, Rick (22 June 2015). "$100,000 rewards to find 1980s 'gay hate' killers of Ross Warren, John Russell and Gilles Mataini". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  32. ^ "Reward offered to resolve gay men's deaths". Nine News. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  33. ^ "Man charged with cold case murder talked about case, neighbour says". ABC News. 11 May 2020. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  34. ^ "Man pleads not guilty to alleged gay hate murder of Scott Johnson". ABC News. 27 January 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  35. ^ "Scott White admits to murdering Scott Johnson, solving one of Sydney's longest-running gay hate crimes". ABC News. 13 January 2022. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  36. ^ Noyes, Jenny (3 May 2022). "Scott White sentenced to 12 years jail for 1988 murder of Scott Johnson". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  37. ^ a b c Sackar, John. (December 2023). Special Commission of Inquiry into LGBTIQ Hate Crimes. Para 4.245-253. Australasian Legal Information Institute. New South Wales Government.
  38. ^ a b (9 March 1995). Sydney Star Observer: Issue 256. The School Watch Report – 'A Study into Anti-Lesbian and Anti-Gay Harassment and Violence is launched at Randwick Boys' High School by the NSW Minister of Education'. Sydney's Pride History Group. (Australia)
  39. ^ Carbery, Graham. (1993, rev. 2014). Towards Homosexual Equality in Australian Criminal Law - a brief history (Pages 27-36). Australian Queer Archives.
  40. ^ Ruthchild, Carole. (September 1992). Off Our Backs Report. ISBN 0959352562. University of Sydney Union.
  41. ^ a b STREETWATCH. Issue 5, May 1990. Page 4: Lesbians on the Loose.
  42. ^ Stevie. (September 1992). Police to Act on Anti-Lesbian Violence. Vol.3 No 2: Lesbians on the Loose. National Library of Australia.
  43. ^ Goddard, Martyn (6 April 1991). 'Seeds Of Tolerance: In The Gay Killing Fields'. Page 39 (full page). Sydney Morning Herald Spectrum. (Australia)
  44. ^ (27 February 1993) Carole Ruthchild, co-convenor of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Lobby (GLRL), Derek Williams, co-convenor of Gay and Lesbian Teachers and Students (GaLTaS) meet with Virginia Chadwick. Parliament of New South Wales. Sydney's Pride History Group. Wayback Machine. (Sydney, Australia)
  45. ^ Powell, Sian (7 October 1993). 'Govt bid to outlaw racism, sexism in schools'. Page 3. The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  46. ^ Griffin, Jacqui (1994). The SchoolWatch report: a study into anti-lesbian and anti-gay harassment and violence in Australian schools. Chippendale, N.S.W.: J. Griffin. ISBN 978-0-646-19960-3. National Library of Australia.
  47. ^ The SchoolWatch Report - whole of document scan: https://fliphtml5.com/ website.
  48. ^ Special Commission of Inquiry into LGBTIQ hate crimes: Statement of Carole Ruthchild. 7 Novemmber 2022. New South Wales Government.
  49. ^ Lewis, Julie (7 March 1995). 'Anti-gay students targeted via literature'. Page 5.The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)
  50. ^ "Gay and Transgender hate crimes between 1970 and 2010 – 57th Parliament". www.parliament.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  51. ^ "Suspected murders of Sydney gay men at centre of inquiry into brutal hate crimes". ABC News. 4 November 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  52. ^ "NSW LGBTIQ+ hate crimes inquiry welcomed by survivors and advocates". SBS News. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  53. ^ Whitbourn, Michaela. (21 February 2023). Police quietly 'reversed' inquest findings on Bondi deaths, inquiry told. Sydney Morning Herald.

External links edit

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