Minister–Secretary of State for Finland

The Minister–Secretary of State for Finland (in Finnish ministerivaltiosihteeri; in Swedish ministerstatssekreterare) represented interests of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Imperial Court in Saint Petersburg from 1809 to 1917. Before 1834 the title was secretary of state. The Russian Tsar was represented in Helsinki by the Governor General.

The first secretary of state was Alexander I's Russian advisor Mikhail Speransky. After Speransky (whose term had yet the Committee for Finnish Affairs as another actor in same matters), this State Secretary was required, as were Senators and so forth, to be a subject of the grand duchy.

This secretary of state was an official who, and whose office (there were deputy and assistants) had the monopoly to present Finnish affairs to the Emperor. All acts of the emperor concerning the grand duchy, were to be countersigned by this state secretary, or deputized officials. When the Finnish autonomy was establishing, other Finnish-related officials generally supported, and helped to build this monopoly (to mention, Governor-General Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov was a supporter of this particularism and although he resided in St Petersburg and was in close contact with the emperor as simultaneous Russian Minister of Navy, he consistently had Finnish affairs to go through the Minister State Secretary). The tradition, endorsed by conservative emperors such as Nicholas I, created a strong precedent. Russian general government was effectively kept out of Finnish affairs, this minister having the benefit of the channel, and many possibilities to stall Russian ministers. Only in last two decades of the grand duchy, those periods of russification, the system was attempted to be broken in some regards, but it created counteroffensives based on illegality arguments. Vyacheslav von Plehve's appointment in 1900 was criticized as illegal, because he was not a Finnish citizen. Afterwards, russified Finnish citizens were occasionally used in this office and as members of the senate in Helsinki.

State Secretary edit

State Secretary		In Office
	count Mikhail Speransky	1809–1811
	baron, later count Robert Henrik Rehbinder	1811–1834

Minister–Secretary of State edit

Minister–Secretary of State		In Office
	baron Robert Henrik Rehbinder	1834–1841
	count Alexander Armfelt	1842–1876
	baron Emil Stjernvall-Walleen	1876–1881
	baron Theodor Bruun	1881–1888
	Johann Casimir Ehrnrooth	1888–1891
	Woldemar von Daehn	1891–1898
	Victor Procopé (acting)	1898–1899
	Vyacheslav von Plehve	1900–1904
	Edvard Oerstroem (Andreievich) (acting)	1904–1905
	Constantin Linder	1905
	Edvard Oerstroem (Andreievich) (acting)	1905–1906
	August Langhoff (later baron)	1906–1913
	Vladimir Ivanovich Markov	1913–1917