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Damalas

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The House of Zaccaria de Damalà, more commonly known as Damalas, (pl. Damalas, or Damalades; Italian: Damalà, Greek: Δαμαλάς, pl. Δαμαλάδες) is a Greek noble family of Genoese and Byzantine extraction established in the 14th century on the island of Chios as the result of the marriage between Genoese admiral Benedetto I Zaccaria de Castro[1] and a sister of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, which ultimately produced the last ruling dynasty of the Principality of Achaea.

Damalas
Δαμαλάς
Grand armorial achievement of the Damalas family.
Parent familyPalaiologos family
Zaccaria de Castro family
Country Byzantine Empire
Principality of Achaea
Ottoman Empire
 Greece
 United States
Current regionUnited States, Greece
Founded1315 (title)
1498 (surname)
FounderMartino Zaccaria (title)
Antonio Damalà (surname)
Current headConstantine Zaccaria de Damalà (b. 1992)
TitlesKing and Despot of Asia Minor (titular)
Prince of Achaea
Marquis of Bodonista
Baron of Damala
Baron of Veligosti (titular)
Baron of Chalandritsa
Baron of Arcadia
Baron of Estamira
Lord of Lesbos (titular)
Lord of Chios
Lord of Samos
Lord of Kos
Lord of Ikaria (titular)
Lord of Tenedos (titular)
Lord of Oinousses (titular)
Lord of Marmara (titular)
TraditionsRoman Catholicism
Eastern Orthodoxy

Before the family grew roots in the Byzantine Empire through their presence in the island of Chios,[2] they were originally from Genoa as the Zaccaria de Castro. This was further a branch of the older de Castro family from Gavi, and in turn, descended from the viscounts of Carmandino, dating back to 952.

After the family left Chios for the first time in 1329, they concentrated their efforts on the Barony of Damala in the Principality of Achaea, which they had previously acquired through marriage. They would, in time, rise to become the principality's last titled rulers, marrying in the process with other major houses ruling over Greek territories and in the Balkans, most notably, the Tocco, Asen and Palaiologos families.

The Zaccaria part of their name would be eventually dropped after the Ottoman conquest of Greece, taking instead their name from their former seat in the Barony of Damala, and the family would later adopt a Hellenized spelling of it by the dawn of the XIXth century, hence becoming known as Damalas.

These Damalas descended from the Zaccaria dynasty share their name with other unrelated families bearing the names Damala and Damalas, who trace their ancestry as early as 1230 in the Thracesian Theme of the Eastern Roman Empire. Descendants of these families also settled in Chios as well as Kos,[3] and are often linked together.

The Barony of Damalà

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The connection of the Zaccaria name with that of Damalà began in the early XIVth century, when Martino Zaccaria, then the third Genoese lord of Chios and the surrounding Aegean, received the Barony of Damalà in the Principality of Achaea.[4]

Martino had four sons, Bartolomeo with his first wife of the House of Ghisi, and Centurione, Octaviano, and Manfredo with his second wife Jacqueline de la Roche. Bartolomeo died in 1334, and though he had a daughter, Marulla, the Zaccaria family, as Latins in Frankish Greece, observed Salic Law which only allowed for male succession in their fiefdoms.

Thus his eldest brother Centurione succeeded him as Baron of Damalà; held by Bartolomeo since 1317.[5] He was also given control of his father's other possessions in Morea sometime during Martino's imprisonment. This began the dynastic struggle of the local baronies on the death of Philip of Taranto.

In thirteenth and fourteenth century medieval France, a baron was a lower ranked member of the feudal nobility, but in the Principality of Achaea (or Morea), barons (barones et nobiles Achaie) were high lords equal to the Prince, that was regarded as first among his pairs (primus inter pares).

They had the right to mint coinage, administer justice in their own domains, build castles, and participate in the High Court of the Principality. The Prince couldn't punish a baron without the lawful consent of the other liege barons.

According to the Chronicle of Morea, the original baronies were twelve, including Chalandritsa and Veligosti (Veligurt),[6] whose fief was the city of Damalà. After the fall of Veligosti, Damalà would become the center of the barony, ruled by the Zaccarias, due to the marriage of its baroness Jacqueline de la Roche with Martino Zaccaria.

 
1 Denier Tournois; Barony of Damalà.

By supporting Robert of Taranto son of Philip, Centurione obtained the recognition of his sovereignty and the confirmation of his rights; violated several times in the past by the Angevin princes.

His father Martino had continued the system of alliances through the marriages of his own children. Bartolomeo married Guglielma Pallavicini, who had brought the Marquisate of Bodonitsa as a dowry. Centurione married a daughter of the Epitropos (Stewart) of Morea, Andronikos Asen, son of Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Asen III and Irene Palaiogina.[7] This Asenina lady brought to Centurione the regions of Lysarea and Maniatochorion.[8]

Through this marriage, the descendants of Centurione also professed to be descended from the major aristocratic families of Constantinople, such as the Palaiologoi, while holding ties with the Kantakouzenoi, as empress Irene Asenina, sister of the Asenina of Centurione was married to John VI Kantakouzenos, emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire.[9] After the union of Centurione and this Asenina lady, the Zaccaria started to practice Orthodox-rite weddings until the time of John Asen Zaccaria.[10]

After spending eight years in captivity for defying the emperor in 1329, Martino was released from his imprisonment. This was only permissible upon the condition that he swear an oath to remain in Genoa, through the intervention of Pope Benedict XII and Philip VI of France in 1337. He swore to never again, by word or deed, oppose the empire. He was then treated favorably by the emperor though, whom gave him the military command of "Protokomes of Chios," as well as a few castles as compensation for his losses. This command would be succeeded by his second son Centurione.[11][12]

The Zaccarias gained imperial favor once again, with Martino leading a crusade to retake coastal lands of Anatolia; but this ended with his demise in 1345. Upon his father's death, Centurione inherited the barony of Chalandritsa, the naval command of Protocomes of Chios, and the fortresses of Stamira and Lysaria; already possessing the title of Damalà since 1334.

 
The Genoese "Quintet" ruling Houses of Chios during the 14th century Byzantine repossession.

These improved relations with the Byzantines were cultivated by Centurione, with his return to Chios as Protocome. He reclaimed his paternal estates and jointly exploited the lands of Chios and Phocea with a few Genoese nobles whom the emperor had entrusted. These were the Ziffo, Corressi, Argenti, Agelasto.[13][14]

The Genoese repossession of Chios

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Imperial rule in Chios was brief, and by 1346, a chartered company controlled by the Giustiniani called "Maona di Chio e di Focea" was set up in Genoa to reconquer and exploit Chios and the neighboring town of Phocaea in Asia Minor. Although the inhabitants firmly rejected an initial offer of protection, the island was invaded by a Genoese fleet led by Admiral Simone Vignoso.

Centurione did not wait for the arrival of the diplomats, sent by the Empress Anna in order to negotiate with those under Vignoso. He mounted a resistance to the siege, however after several months had to surrender the island to prevent starvation due to a naval blockade; though he did not sign a capitulation. Prior to the surrender being formalized, drafted by a "I.N. of Agios Nikolaos," he escaped with a few of his sailors and headed for friendly territory in New Phocaea; in order to organize an operation to retake the island of Chios.

Two treaties were drafted, the first treaty regarding the surrender of Chios, included an amnesty to the Zaccaria family. However, when Centurione did not return to Chios, Vignoso sailed to New Phocaea and eventually achieved its surrender on the twelfth of September, 1346. Thus a second treaty was signed for New Phocaea, where the admiral revoked amnesty for Centurione and his family. It forbade them from residing, owning property or interfering in the governance of Chios or both Phocaeas. This was either not strictly observed or excluded women since a "Jane Zaccaria" is recorded as a witness to a property sale on the fourteenth of June, 1348.[15] While Centurione resigned, the rest of Chios was given favorable terms. All the privileges granted by chrysobulls of Byzantine emperors, as well as the religious freedom of Orthodox Christians in Chios. Centurione is recorded as the "Protocomes Damala" in this treaty.

From then, Centurione lived both in his Barony of Damalà and Galata, where he signed in 1352 as a witness, "the first among the Latins", to the treaty with Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos.[16]

The Zaccaria in Morea

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Centurione and his descendants ruled his father's possessions in Morea after their expulsion from Chios. The Barony of Damalà seems to be lost to the Byzantines in the 1380s, since his eldest son and grandson are only mentioned with it in a titular fashion. This oldest son was recorded as "Andronikos Asano de Damala".[17][18] There are less sources for his presumed three brothers though: Filippo, Manuele and Martino.[19] It is possible that Martino could have been the same person as Manuele as he does not appear in most genealogical records; he is known only from his participation in the Battle of Gardiki in 1375.[20] Filippo and Manuele are documented through their marriages to prominent women of the time. Filippo married the heiress of Rhiolo in Achaea, and Manuele to Eliana Cattaneo.

Andronikos acted as a Bailee of Achaea for a short time, when Centurione travelled to Naples the court of Queen Joanna I.[21] After 1386 he inherited the Barony of Chalandritsa and the title of the Grand Constable of Achaea, becoming one of the most powerful men inside the Principality.[22] He was wed to Catherine Le Maure, the eldest daughter of Erard III Le Maure and heiress to the great Barony of Arcadia and Saint-Sauveur.[23] Through this marriage the Zaccarias added the coveted Le Maure inheritance to their domains.

Andronikos had four children: Centurione II, Stephen, Erard IV and Benedict. Centurione being the eldest, inherited his father's titles. Stephen was later appointed by Centurione as Latin Archbishop of Patras, a clerical position that he would hold until his demise in 1424.[24] Erard inherited the maternal Barony of Arcadia, but seems to have died before 1404 as Centurione succeeded him as Baron by then. Benedict is recorded being alive in 1418, at Glarentza, when the forces of Olivier Franco besieged the city where Benedict was imprisoned.[25]

Maria -the only daughter of Centurione I- married the Prince of Achaea, Pedro de San Superano, the leader of the Navarrese Company from the year 1386 and the de facto Prince of Achaea until 1402. After his death she ruled Morea on behalf of her son as reigning princess until 1404, when they were dismissed by King Ladislaus of Naples for failing to make the payment promised by Prince Pedro for the Principality. With the proper homage not paid to King Ladislaus as part of this initial transaction, Maria's nephew and eldest son of Andronikos, Centurione II Zaccaria succeeded the children of Prince Pedro as per Salic Law.[26] It had already been arranged that Centurione would pay the large sum owed of Prince Pedro for the principality, and so on the twentieth of April, 1404, he was invested with Achaea as a hereditary principality and ascended the throne as its sovereign.[27]

 
Map of Damala in the Morea - Boschini Marco - 1658

Centurione married an unknown lady of the Asen-Palaiologos and the Tzamblakon families,[28] recorded in the Chronicle of Toccos as "the princess" on more than one occasion.[29] From this union, Centurione had at least four children: John Asen Zaccaria, Catherine Zaccaria, Martino[28] and another unknown princess that he offered as a bride to the adventurer Oliver Franco in 1418, after he seized the great port-city of Glarentsa.[30] In 1429, the forces of Thomas Palaiologos besieged Centurione inside Chalandritsa, the prince resisted for some time but eventually he surrendered. He was forced to marry his daughter Catherine to Thomas Palaiologos, brother of the last emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantine XI Palaiologos.

Sometime around 1446, his eldest son John (Giovanni) rose against the despot and his brother-in-law Thomas Palaiologos, along with the Albanian chief Bochalis Leontaris, in a time when the Albanian influence in Morea grew quite formidable.[31] Upon his uprising, he was proclaimed Prince of Achaea by Greek magnates and had the eagle as his emblem with the city of Aetos as his seat. Within a year though, Giovanni was defeated by the combined forces of then despots Constantine and Thomas Palaiologos. He was subsequently imprisoned with his eldest son and wife Magdalene Tocco[32][33] by Thomas in Chlemoutsi castle, leaving these dangerous remnants of the previous dynasty to waste away.[34][35]

Giovanni nor his son died there as anticipated, and instead in 1453 convinced their guard to release them during a widespread revolt against the Despots. To secure his release he married his daughter to the Lord of Chlemoutsi; the name of this Zaccaria princess does not survive.[31] He was congratulated and recognized by many Western rulers, namely Pope Nicholas V, King Alfonso V of Naples, and the Venetian Doge Francesco Foscari; titling him "Prince Centurione III." The confirmation of his princely title by Naples was of great significance as the Kingdom of Naples was the feudal overlord of the Principality of Achaea since 1267 with the Treaty of Viterbo between Charles I of Anjou and William II of Villehardouin.[36] After his escape, Giovanni gained the support of many Latins, Greeks and Albanians and besieged Thomas inside the city of Patras. His campaign was initially successful, until Turkish troops came to the aid of Thomas by his request. Giovanni was then defeated by the Ottomans under Turahan Bey after a rule of roughly one and a half years.[37][38][35]

Giovanni escaped capture and found refuge with the Venetians in Methoni, where he remained for a period of about three years. In 1456, he retired under King Alfonso of Naples and received an annuity from Venice; he lost this though when he relocated to Genoa in 1459. There the Doge wrote him a letter of recommendation to Pope Paul II for support. In September 1461 after moving to Rome, the Pope granted him a monthly pension of twenty florins as the Prince of Morea (Achaea) until his death in 1469.[39][40]

The origin of Damalà as a surname

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The precise descent and change from the Zaccaria name to strictly Damalà comes from the line of Giovanni's eldest son, Antonio. By the time of Giovanni's imprisonment only five members of the family remained: Giovanni, his two sons and daughter, and his sister Catherine. His eldest son Antonio was imprisoned with him in Chlemoutsi Castle, while his younger son Angelo is first seen passing through Genoa in 1448 and paid tribute as the grandson of Prince Centurione II by the Doge and nobility.[41] He is later seen in Galata[42] around the siege of Constantinople in 1453.[43]

 
Agnatic descendants of Martino Zaccaria de Chios e Damalà based on the research of Michele Soulli, APG accredited genealogist, 2023.

There is no record of Angelo having progeny, however Antonio had a son named Pietro Antonio that is recorded with his father regarding the church of St. Paul in Galata which was on land that the family owned.[44] Pietro's line died out within two subsequent generations while the line of Pietro's brother Giovanni—named after his grandfather—is the line that continues to this day.

The definitive transition that drops the territorial designation of "de" to simply "Damalà", is recorded in the 16th century when his son Antonio Damalà (1498–1578) is given a fief by the Duke of Naxos, John IV Crispo; this was the establishment of a feudal relationship between the two and to this day the village is named Damala.

The father of Antonio is listed as "Zaccaria de Damalà," now known to be Giovanni through Catholic baptismal records archived on the island of Tinos[45] regarding his grandchildren.

Antonio played an important role in preventing the conquest of Naxos by the Turks. Giacomo IV Crispo, whom succeeded his father John after his death, sent Antonio to Constantinople in 1564 as ambassador to ask for the Sultan's mercy in order to recognize him. This is something Antonio seems to have achieved, as the relevant firman was issued on 29 April 1565.[46]

When in Constantinople, Antonio had befriended the Sultan's son-in-law, Grand Admiral Piali Pasha, and for this reason, when Piali Pasha occupied Chios in 1566, he invited him to settle there, gibing him the ancestral estates that the Genoese Maona had taken from the Zaccaria centuries before.[47]

Upon arriving in Chios, Antonio took over lands in Volissos, Kardamyla, Delfini, Lagkada, Kalamoti, Kampos and the Dafnonas tower. After 1566, Antonio lived in the tower, and also owned the "Stratigato" and the "Damalà" estates, whose churches, Panagia Coronata and Sotira, he renovated.[48]

These two churches, fortified towers, and manor house were all severely damaged during the 1822 massacre of Chios and subsequently damaged further by the earthquake of 1881. To this day there is an area of Dafnonas called "τού Δαμαλά" (belonging to Damalà) at the "Stratigato".[49]

Starting with Antonio, this Genoese-Byzantine family appears in the genealogical records of Chios all bearing the surname "Damalà." The family was recorded as one of the remaining noble families of Genoese origin by Giovanni Battista de Burgo in his 1686 visit to the island.[50][51] Through the intermarrying with the ethnically Greek nobility, this was eventually Hellenized to "Δαμαλάς" (Damalas) by the 19th century, as males all bear an "S" at the end of their surnames in Greek. This transition would have especially been solidified after the Chios massacre of 1822, which was effectively a great reset to the island.

It is important to note that during the time the family reestablished itself on Chios, it was common for servants to adopt the name of their respective lords. Therefore, there must be a distinction between the modern day descendants of these servants and the patrilineal descendants of the Zaccaria de Damalà.[52] There are also the descendants of the older Byzantine Damalas family, which complicates matters further. Regarding this matter, author and historian Dimitri Lainas conducted a study in 2006, which compiled the most recent seven generations of the family by that time and it was published in Pelinnaeo Magazine.

Struggles and prominence in the XIXth century

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The Massacre at Chios by Eugène Delacroix. This, and the works of Lord Byron, did much to draw the attention of mainland Europe to the catastrophe that had taken place in Chios (1824, oil on canvas, 419 cm × 354 cm (165 in × 139 in), Musée du Louvre, Paris).

The Damalà abruptly lost their favorable position during the 1822 Chios massacre, along with the other noble families of Chios, with Ioannis Zanni Damalà, who was the governor of the island at the time, getting beheaded during these events, and with irreparable damage done to their centuries-old estates.

Over the following decades the family would reemerge as an influential force in the region. The family was recognized by the first King of modern Greece, as King Otto I and Queen Amalia made successive visits to their primary estate; first in 1846 and again in 1850.[53]

Other notable figures of this era are the shipping magnate Ambrosios Ioannou Damalà [el], Ioannis Zanni Damalà, the mayor of Chios from 1878 to 1882, and the infamous actor Aristides (Jacques) Damalà, who married French theater star Sarah Bernhard.[54][55]

About Jacques Damala, Bram Stoker, the author of gothic horror classic novel Dracula, noted:

"I sat next to him at supper, and the idea that he was dead was strong on me. I think he had taken some mighty dose of opium, for he moved and spoke like a man in a dream. His eyes, staring out of his white, waxen face, seemed hardly the eyes of the living."[56]

Stoker would later acknowledge that Jacques Damala was one of his models for the titular Count Dracula.[57]

After the death of Jacques, Bernhardt wore mourning clothes for a year, as was Catholic custom, and she never renounced his last name, which she had hyphenated with her own. For a while, she insisted on being called "the widow Damalà," and even sculpted a funerary bust of him which is now on display at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.[58]

The present-day Damalas

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The Damalas Foundation, Piraeus, Greece

The Damalas family has remained one of the most prominent in Chios, as attested by many historians, including Konstantinos Amantos and Nikos Perris.[2]

While the current day members are few, the Damalas have made efforts in recent years to regain their former notoriety.

In 2012, Anastasia Damala formed the philanthropic Antonios Damalas Foundation which hosts intellectual seminars on the sciences, philosophy, current events and history.

These events are held in an 8-story building in Piraeus that is owned by the family and houses conference halls, a library, museum and chapel.[59]

The foundation also has operations in Chios, within one of their ancestral homes, directly across from Kamenos Pyrgos.

Notably, this home is on land that has been held since their Zaccaria ancestors acquired it and constructed Kamenos Pyrgos.[60][61]

In 2023, a genealogical study was conducted regarding the Agnatic descendants of Martino Zaccaria de Chios e Damalà, the first and historic head of the Zaccaria de Damalà branch that took hold in the Principality of Achaea; after his marriage to Jacqueline de La Roche.

According to the family succession traditions in history,[26] the most senior male-line descendant of Martino is the current legitimate head of the House, which leads through this aforementioned genealogical study to Constantine Damalas (b. 1992).[62]

The legal background regarding the nobiliary status and the patrimonial inheritance of the family was the topic of a book published in 2024, titled Achaean Disputes: Eight Centuries of Succession Conflicts for the Title of Prince of Achaea, authored by Italian-Ecuadorian legal scholar Ugo Stornaiolo S.

Church of the Holy Apostles

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Fresco of the founders, 1665. Symeon Damalas and family hold up an effigy of the Church. Above the church's dome "ΔΑΜΑ ΛΑΔΕC" is written in medieval Greek. Which translates to "ΔΑΜΑΛΑΔΕΣ" (DAMALAS plural) in modern Greek.

The Church of the Holy Apostles is a late Byzantine church located in Pyrgi, the largest medieval village of Chios. It is one of the best preserved examples of Byzantine architecture in Greece. The church originally existed as one of the personal shrines of the Damalas family, from which it is believed Pyrgi was built around. In the late Byzantine period, population centers began around churches with a tower and manor house.[63] As such, the church is situated just northeast of the village's main square.

Holy Apostles is a small reproduction of the katholikon (main church) of Nea Moni, being richly decorated outside with brick patterns. The interior is completely covered with frescoes painted by Antonios Kenygos of Crete, in 1665. An inscription over the main entrance of the church tells us that monk Symeon of the Damalas family, who eventually became the metropolitan bishop of Chios, raised the church "from its foundations" in 1564.[64] This most likely refers to an extensive renovation, since its architectural and morphological features indicate that it was constructed in the middle of the 14th century.

It is likely that the original church was destroyed in one of the great earthquakes of 1546, and thus 18 years later, Symeon came to it in ruins. Under the property law at the time, it would have belonged to his family and would have been his obligation to rebuild it.[65]

The manor house and fortified tower that accompanied the church were destroyed like many structures in the 1881 Chios earthquake.

Notable members

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  • Martino Zaccaria, lord of Chios in the Byzantine Empire, baron of Damala in the Principality of Achaea and titular King and Despot of Asia Minor in the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
  • Bartolomeo Zaccaria, marquis of Bodonitsa.
  • Centurione I Zaccaria, baron of Damala, Chalandritsa and Estamira in the Principality of Achaea, bailee for the Angevin Kings of Naples; mid 14th century.
  • Andronikos Asen Zaccaria, baron of Chalandritsa, Arcadia and Estamira, titular Baron of Damala, Great Constable of Achaea; late 14th century.
  • Marulla Zaccaria Pallavicini, daughter of Bartolomeo, Lady of Aerina and Salamis
  • Maria II Zaccaria, Princess of Achaea per suo jure, 1402–1404.
  • Centurione II Zaccaria, Prince of Achaea; 1404–1429, Baron of Chalandritsa, titular Baron of Damala, Baron of Arcadia until 1432.
  • John Asen Zaccaria, Prince of Achaea 1453–1454, last Prince of Achaea having ruled in situ.
  • Symeon Damalas, Bishop of Chios; mid 16th century.
  • Loukas Damalas, Voivode of Mykonos; late 17th century.
  • Ioannis Zanni Damalas, Governor of Chios; early 19th century.
  • Konstantinos Damalas, Greek revolutionary during the Greek war of independence; early 19th century.
  • Ambrosios Ioannou Damalas [el], Shipping magnate and Mayor of Hermoupolis from 1853 to 1862.
  • Jacques (Aristides) Damala, Diplomat, military officer, actor, socialite and husband of Sarah Bernhardt; late 19th century.
  • Nicolaos Damalas [el], Theologian and university professor; mid to late 19th century.
  • Ioannis Zanni Damalas, Mayor of Chios from 1878 to 1882.
  • Pavlos Damalas [el], merchant and politician, Mayor of Piraeus from 1903 to 1907 and founder of the Erete Sports Club [el]
  • Tereza Damala, Socialite, lover of Ernest Hemingway and Prince Gabriele D'Annunzio, model of Pablo Picasso in the early 20th century. Subject of the historical novel "Tereza", by Freddy Germanos.
  • Mikes Damalas, cinematographer; mid 20th century.
  • Antonios Damalas, academic, writer and researcher; mid-late 20th century.
  • Anastasia Damala, philanthropist and founder of the Damalas Foundation.
  • Spyros Dimitrios Damalas, businessman and pioneer in ecotourism in Costa Rica.
  • Constantine Zaccaria de Damalà, stockbroker and venture capitalist, current head of the family.

References

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  1. ^ Δαμαλάς, Αντώνιος Σ. (1998). Ο οικονομικός βίος της Νήσου Χίου από έτους 992 Μ.Χ. μέχρι του 1566 (Tόμος Δ ed.). Αθηνα, Ελλάδα: Όμιλος Επιχειρήσεων Δαμαλάς. p. 1281. ISBN 960-85185-0-4. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
  2. ^ a b Λαϊνάς, Δημήτρης (2001). Ιστορικές χιακές οικογένειες - Ράλληδες, Σκα ραμαγκάδες, Σκυλίτσηδες, Νεγρεπόντηδες, Ζυγομαλάδες, Δαμαλάδες (108 ed.). Χίος: Περιοδικό Χιόνη. p. 18.
  3. ^ Miklosich, Franz (1860–1890). Acta et Diplomata Monasteriorum et Ecclesiarum Orientis Tomus Primus. Acta et Diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi Sacra et Profana. Vol. 4. Berlin: Vindobonae, C. Gerold. pp. 35, 94.
  4. ^ Ζολώτας, Γεωργιος Ιωαννου (1923). Ιστορια της Χιου (B ed.). Sakellarios. pp. 211, 363. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  5. ^ Hopf, Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann (1873). Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues. Berlin: Librairie de Weidmann. p. 502.
  6. ^ Dourou-Iliopoulou, Maria (2005). The Frankish Principality of Achaea (1204-1432) History, Organization, Society. Thessaloniki: Vanias. pp. 68, 106–107.
  7. ^ Treccani, Giovanni (2020). Dizionario biografico degli italiani (Vol. 100 ed.). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. p. 319. ISBN 9788812000326. Retrieved 4 June 2023.
  8. ^ Δαμαλάς, Αντώνιος Σ (1998). Ο οικονομικός βίος της Νήσου Χίου από έτους 992 Μ.Χ. μέχρι του 1566 [The financial life of the island of Chios from the year 992 until 1566] (in Greek). Αθήνα: Όμιλος Επιχειρήσεων Δαμαλάς. p. 733. ISBN 960-85185-0-4.
  9. ^ Shawcross, Teresa (2009). The Chronicle of Morea Historiography in Crusader Greece. Oxford University Press. p. 105.
  10. ^ Thomopoulos, Stephanos (1998). History of the city of Patras, from the ancient times until 1821 (in Greek). Achaikes Ekdoseis. p. 528. ISBN 960-7960-08-4.
  11. ^ Miller, William (1911). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 31. United Kingdom: Macmillan: 50. doi:10.2307/624735. JSTOR 624735. S2CID 163895428. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
  12. ^ Δαμαλάς, Αντώνιος Σ. (1998). Ο οικονομικός βίος της Νήσου Χίου από έτους 992 Μ.Χ. μέχρι του 1566 (Tόμος B ed.). Αθηνα, Ελλάδα: Όμιλος Επιχειρήσεων Δαμαλάς. p. 722. ISBN 960-85185-0-4. Retrieved 5 May 2023.
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Sources

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