Christian Kunz (13 October 1927 – 12 April 2020) was an Austrian virologist known for his work on the development of vaccines against tick-borne encephalitis, and his contributions to viral diagnostics and medical virology in Austria and Europe.[1]
Christian Kunz | |
|---|---|
| Born | October 13, 1927 |
| Died | April 12, 2020 (aged 92) |
| Nationality | Austrian |
| Known for | Development of tick-borne encephalitis vaccine |
| Awards | Medal of Honour in Gold of the Federal Capital Vienna (1988), Loeffler Frosch Medal from the international Society for Virology (2006)[1] |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | Virology |
| Institutions | University of Vienna, Rockefeller Laboratories, Institute of Virology in Vienna |
Early life and education
editKunz was born in Linz, Austria, on 13 October 1927. He studied medicine in Vienna and Innsbruck, and obtained his doctorate in 1954.[1]
Career
editKunz began his career as an unpaid visiting doctor and then a research assistant at the Hygiene Institute of the University of Vienna.[1]
In 1961–62, Kunz worked at the Rockefeller Laboratories in New York, alongside prominent virologists such as Max Theiler, who had won the Nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1951 for developing the yellow fever vaccine.[1]
In Vienna, Kunz led a new virus department at the Hygiene Institute, focusing on arboviruses, such as tick-borne encephalitis. He developed innovative diagnostic techniques, studied the virus's structure, immunogenicity, and epidemiology.[1][2][3][4]
In 1971, Kunz became the director of the newly-established Institute of Virology at the Medical Faculty, University of Vienna.[5] His research focused on arboviruses and flaviviruses, including their structure, genetics, and molecular separation and diagnostic methods.[6][7]
Development of tick-borne encephalitis vaccine
editIn 1972, Kunz began collaborating with the Microbiological Research Establishment (MRE) Porton Down in the UK, which was involved in defensive biological research including vaccine development against pathogens like Japanese encephalitis virus and the louping-ill virus, closely related to tick-borne encephalitis.[8]
At Porton Down, the veterinary microbiologist James Keppie led development into a tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, based on the Neudörfl strain of the TBE virus provided by Kunz.[8]
Kunz and his colleague Hans Hoffmann first tested the new vaccine on each other, before leading trials in volunteers in Austria.[1][8] After the trial was successful, public vaccination campaigns began. The vaccine significantly reduced tick-borne encephalitis cases in Austria.[9]
Legacy and Recognition
editKunz earned the Medal of Honour in Gold of the Federal Capital Vienna in 1988, and the Loeffler Frosch Medal from the international Society for Virology in 2006. He was also a founding member and chairman of the European Group for Rapid Virus Diagnosis, advancing virus diagnostics.[1]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f g h Heinz, F.X. (2020). "Obituary for Christian Kunz, 1927–2020". Wien Klin Wochenschr. 132 (13–14): 410–411. doi:10.1007/s00508-020-01680-3.
- ^ Heinz, F. X.; Berger, R.; Tuma, W.; Kunz, C. (1983). "A topological and functional model of epitopes on the structural glycoprotein of tick-borne encephalitis virus defined by monoclonal antibodies". Virology. 126 (2): 525–537. doi:10.1016/S0042-6822(83)80010-5. PMID 6190308.
- ^ Heinz, F. X.; Tuma, Wolfgang; Kunz, Christian (1981). "Antigenic and immunogenic properties of defined physical forms of tick-borne encephalitis virus structural proteins". Infection and Immunity. 33 (1): 250–257. doi:10.1128/iai.33.1.250-257.1981. PMC 350683. PMID 7263062.
- ^ Heinz, F. X.; Kunz, C. (1982). "Molecular epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis virus: peptide mapping of large non-structural proteins of European isolates and comparison with other flaviviruses". Journal of General Virology. 62 (2): 271–285. doi:10.1099/0022-1317-62-2-271. PMID 6292351.
- ^ Heinz, FX (2024). "Development of a highly purified tick-borne encephalitis vaccine: A personal historical account". Wien Klin Wochenschr. 136 (7–8): 215–219. doi:10.1007/s00508-023-02240-1. PMC 11006719. PMID 37391599.
- ^ Winkler, G.; Heinz, F. X.; Guirakhoo, F.; Kunz, C. (1985). "Separation of flavivirus membrane and capsid proteins by multistep high-performance liquid chromatography optimized by immunological monitoring". Journal of Chromatography A. 326: 113–119. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)87436-7. PMID 2993325.
- ^ Kunz, C. (1964). "The Use of the Immunofluorescent Method and Microphotometry for the Differentiation of Arboviruses". Virology. 24 (4): 672–674. doi:10.1016/0042-6822(64)90225-9. PMID 14240420.
- ^ a b c Mazanik, Anna (2023). "Arbovirology and Cold War Collaborations: A Transnational History of the Tick-borne Encephalitis Vaccine, 1930-1980". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrad054. PMC 11302950. PMID 37681759.
- ^ Kunz, C. (2003). "TBE vaccination and the Austrian experience". Vaccine. 21: S50–S55. doi:10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00813-7. PMID 12628814.