Deer management is the practice and philosophy of wildlife management employed to regulate the population of deer in an area. The purpose of deer management is to regulate the population's size, reduce negative effects of population on the ecosystem, and maintain the integrity of other populations. Due to economic activity of hunting (coming from fees and licenses), deer management can be an important contributor for state and government revenue.
Background
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As a deer population grows it will begin to reach the carrying capacity of an ecosystem, causing issues for other plants and wildlife. Plant life can begin to disappear locally because of browsing.[1] These local disappearances directly affect the population of that plant species and indirectly affect other wildlife populations that also depend on the plant species for food.[1][2] This ultimately lowers the biodiversity and changes the composition of the habitat, region, or area until the population of deer is lowered and the location is given time to recover.[1][2] In many cases, habitats are unable to recover from deer overpopulation on their own because deer extirpate a variety of native species from the area. Once these organisms are lost from an area, they typically do not return without human intervention, meaning that forests that have reached ideal deer population levels may still lack most of their biodiversity. When deer browse an area and remove native plants, exotic and invasive species tend to take over the forest floor, further hindering a forests health and ability to recover from previous deer overpopulation.[3]
Deer populations may reach the carrying capacity, leading to an increase in human and deer interactions.[1] These interactions can result in car accidents, crop damage, property damage, Lyme disease transmission, and much more.[1] These species interaction occur both in rural and urban areas where population of deer come into contact.
Each area comes with its own set of challenges as to which management practice is the most appropriate and effective. These challenges have led to the development of alternative methods of deer management. In suburban area, sharpshooting is used.[1] Other locations may use methods like hunting, birth control, or repellents to manage the deer population.
Deer population may be negatively impacted by infectious disease in the population, such as chronic wasting disease. Chronic wasting disease is present in 25 states in the United States, three Canadian provinces, Finland, Norway, and South Korea. Chronic wasting disease was first discovered in white-tailed deer and elk in 1978. Chronic wasting disease has no cure and is 100% fatal to deer.[4][5]
Organizations
editThe United States Fish and Wildlife Service
editThe United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS or FWS) is a bureau under the Department of the Interior that runs national programs for the public to learn about natural resources like fish and wildlife. The USFWS advise the conservation, management and advancement of the wildlife and fish in the United States as well as assists in international conservation efforts.[6] The United States Fish and Wildlife Service deals with the enforcement of federal wildlife laws,[7] protects endangered species and conservation and restoration wildlife habitat such as wetlands.[6][8]
Methods
editThere are various methods that can be employed to have deer management and they can be broken down into two main types: lethal and nonlethal. These methods are used to regulate the population of deer in a specific area. If a deer population remains high for long periods, an ecosystem can suffer long term damage, forestry practices become more restricted and overall biodiversity can decline.[2] Areas with an abnormally high deer population density often have a variety of native plants extirpated (adding to the loss of biodiversity), and replaced with competing, invasive species.[3]
Lethal management
editHunting
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Deer hunting is a practice employed to regulate the population of deer. Hunting is a form of predation in which the deer are a food source or a trophy. Deer hunting is conducted in seasons that are regulated by government agency with tag limits for both bucks and does. Deer hunting can be conducted using a bow and arrow, rifle, muzzle loader or other approved weapons.[9] Hunting is only an effective method of population control when antlerless deer are targeted. The hunting of bucks has little impact on the population over time because one buck is able to breed numerous does. Currently, hunting targeting antlerless deer is considered the most effective form of population control.[10]
Nonlethal management
editChemical repellents
editIf an area is being heavily affected by deer, repellents can be used to keep them away or minimize the damage. Deer repellent can produce a bad smell, burn the tongue, and taste bad.[11] The repellents can be natural or artificial but both use chemicals to deter the deer from causing damage. Repellents benefit gardens and orchids the most.[12]
Fencing
editFencing forms a physical barrier, preventing the deer from entering an area. Deer fences can range from 3 ft. to 10 ft. tall.[12] There numerous types of fences used to prevent deer from causing damage, some types are electrical or high tensile.[13] The amount of time and type of management will typically determine the type of fence that is required for optimal deer damage prevention.[12]
Wildlife birth control
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Another way to control the population of deer is to regulate the birth rate. Decreasing the birth will limit the growth rate of the herd. Birth control vaccines have been invented that will prevent doe from having fawns for up to 3 years.[14] These vaccines can be administered by dart or by a shot. This type of management would be an alternative to hunting and most effective in urban areas where hunting may pose an issue.[14]
References
edit- ^ a b c d e f Schusler, Tania M. (August 15, 2004). "Ecological Impacts of High Deer Densities (Overview)". tiee.esa.org. Retrieved 2017-09-20.
- ^ a b c Marquis, David A.; Brenneman, Ronnie (1981). The Impact of Deer on Forest Vegetation in the Pennsylvania. United States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service. pp. 1–3.
- ^ a b Habeck, Christopher W.; Schultz, Alexis K. (2015-10-20). "Community-level impacts of white-tailed deer on understorey plants in North American forests: a meta-analysis". AoB Plants. 7: plv119. doi:10.1093/aobpla/plv119. ISSN 2041-2851. PMC 4676796. PMID 26487676.
- ^ "Chronic wasting disease management". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
- ^ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Surveillance and Management Plan for Chronic Wasting Disease in Free-ranging Cervids in Minnesota (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-04
- ^ a b "About the Fish and Wildlife Service". www.fws.gov. March 24, 2016. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
- ^ Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife. "Office of Law Enforcement - Laws and Regulations". www.fws.gov. Retrieved 2017-12-09.
- ^ "Office of Law Enforcement - Laws and Regulations". www.fws.gov. May 19, 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-29.
- ^ "Hunting | US Forest Service". www.fs.fed.us. Retrieved 2017-09-13.
- ^ "Deer Hunting: An Effective Management Tool". Maryland Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2024-09-09.
- ^ "A Study of the Effectiveness of Deer Repellents on the Eating Habits of White-tailed Deer". AMNH. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
- ^ a b c Hygnstrom, Scott E.; Timm, Robert M.; Larson, Gary E., eds. (1994). "Deer". icwdm.org. Archived from the original on 2017-08-31. Retrieved 2017-09-14.
- ^ "High Deer Fence with High Tensile Wire Mesh Fence Materials". Tejas Ranch & Game Fence. Retrieved 2018-07-13.
- ^ a b "Controlling Deer Populations Humanely : The Humane Society of the United States". www.humanesociety.org. Retrieved 2017-09-14.[permanent dead link]