The Councils of Narbonne were a series of provincial councils of the Catholic Church held in Narbonne, France.
Council of 255 – 260
editA council was supposedly held in Narbonne between 255 and 260. According to the legend, Paul of Narbonne was accused of sexual immorality and a council was held to adjudicate the charges, at which he was miraculously exonerated.[1]
Council of 589
editA council was held in Narbonne on 1 November 589.[2] Migetius, the archbishop of Toledo, presided. Eight bishops attended. The council ratified the acts of the Third Council of Toledo,[3] which the local bishops had been unable to attend due to illness.[4]
The council also published fifteen canons, including restrictions on the behavior of the clergy, a ban on Jews singing psalms when burying their dead,[5] and condemnation of divination.[6] A major concern of the council was limiting the influence of lay patrons over clerics.[7]
Council of 791
editTwenty-six bishops attended, and two others sent representatives. The council discussed the heresy of Felix of Urgel.[5]
Council of 1043
editThe council of 1043 reaffirmed the Pax Dei. Its canons are now lost.[8]
Council of 1045
editThe council of 1043 again reaffirmed the Pax Dei. Its canons are also now lost.[8]
Council of 1054
editGuifred de Cerdagne[9] convened a council in Narbonne on 28 August 1054. Ten bishops attended. The council published twenty-nine canons. It once again reaffirmed the Pax Dei,[5] banning the killing of Christians, although it distinguished just from unjust killing.[10] It explicitly obliged women to obey the Pax.[8]
Council of 1055
editA council was held in Narbonne on 1 October 1055, to address Guillermo Bernardez and others accused of seizing church property.[5]
Council of 1090
editA council was held in Narbonne on 20 March 1090. Dalmatius, the archbishop of Narbonne, presided.[5]
Council of 1227
editPierre Amiel, the archbishop of Narbonne, presided.[3] The council confirmed the Statute of Pamiers,[11] and published twenty canons of its own. Jews were required to wear identifying symbols and make yearly payments to the local parish church,[3] and banned from charging excessive interest.[12] Raymond VII, Roger-Bernard II, the Viscount of Béziers, and the people of Toulouse were excommunicated. Bishops were ordered to use spies to seek out heretics,[3] and those suspected of heresy were banned from public office.[13]
Council of 1243
editThe council held in 1243 is frequently dated incorrectly to 1235.[13] Bishops in attendance included Pierre Amiel, archbishop of Narbonne; Jean Baussan, archbishop of Arles; and Raimond Audibert, archbishop of Aix.[14]
The council published twenty-nine canons, all regarding the Inquisition and Waldensian heretics.[3][14] Penances were imposed on heretics who voluntarily surrendered to the inquisitors and offered testimony against themselves or others: these included attendance at religious services, corporal punishment, and taking part in the Crusades. Other repentant heretics were imprisoned for life, with the sentence deferred until prison capacity was available. Unrepentant or relapsed heretics were turned over to the secular courts.[3] The anonymity of accusing witnesses was guaranteed.[15]
Council of 1259 or 1261
editIn either 1259 or 1261, Gui Foulques, the archbishop of Narbonne, convened a council which restricted work done on Sundays.[16]
Council of 1374
editA council was held in Narbonne on 15 April 1374,[3] by order of Pope Gregory XI.[14] Pierre de La Jugie, the archbishop of Narbonne, presided. The council published twenty-eight canons. These included bans on preaching by the laity and on Christian burials for the excommunicated.[3]
Council of 1430
editA council was held in Narbonne on 29 May 1430. Pierre II de Cotigny, bishop of Castres, presided. Five bishops attended. The council presented a formal complaint to the Archbishop of Narbonne, accusing him of usurping the authority of other bishops.[5]
Council of 1551
editAlexander Zerbinet, vicar-general of Narbonne, presided. The council published sixty-six canons. These included a confession of faith, a number of requirements on candidates for priesthood, and restrictions on the behavior of the clergy.[3] Wandering pardoners were regulated.[17]
Council of 1607
editLouis de Vervins, archbishop of Narbonne, presided. Seven bishops attended. The council published forty-nine canons. These included regulations on behavior in churches, and required written permission from the bishop to own the Bible in French translation.[3]
References
edit- ^ Hefele, Charles Joseph (1 February 2007). A History of the Councils of the Church: from the Original Documents, to the close of the Second Council of Nicaea A.D. 787. Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-1-55635-247-8.
- ^ Hefele, Karl Joseph von; Clark, William Robinson (1895). A History of the Councils of the Church: From the Original Documents. Volume IV. A.D. 451 to A.D. 680. T. & T. Clark, 38 George Street. p. 422. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Strong, James; McClintock, John, eds. (1880). "Narbonne, Councils of". Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. New York: Harper and Brothers. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1896). A.D. 626 to close of Second Council of Nicea, 797 ; with appendix and indexes. T. & T. Clark. p. 246.
- ^ a b c d e f Landon, Edward H. "A Manual Of Councils Of The Holy Catholic Church". www.ecatholic2000.com. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Hen, Yitzhak (29 September 2023). Culture and Religion in Merovingian Gaul, A.D. 481-751. BRILL. p. 177. ISBN 978-90-04-61457-4.
- ^ Stocking, Rachel L. (2000). Bishops, Councils, and Consensus in the Visigothic Kingdom, 589-633. University of Michigan Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-472-11133-6.
- ^ a b c Kalleberg, Arthur L. (1983). Dissent and Affirmation: Essays in Honor of Mulford Q. Sibley. Popular Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-87972-239-5.
- ^ Terpak, Frances (March 1994). "Local Politics: The Charlemagne Legend in Medieval Narbonne". Res: Anthropology and Aesthetics. 25: 96–110. doi:10.1086/RESv25n1ms20166893. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ McKitterick, Rosamond; Fouracre, Paul; Reuter, Timothy; Luscombe, David Edward; Abulafia, David; Riley-Smith, Jonathan; Allmand, Christopher; Jones, Michael (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 1024-c. 1198. Pt. 1 and 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 190–191. ISBN 978-0-521-41410-4.
- ^ Prudlo, Donald (27 March 2019). A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions. BRILL. p. 126. ISBN 978-90-04-39387-5.
- ^ Stow, Kenneth (9 May 2023). Popes, Church, and Jews in the Middle Ages: Confrontation and Response. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-95111-0.
- ^ a b Sackville, Lucy J. (21 August 2014). Heresy and Heretics in the Thirteenth Century: The Textual Representations. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 99, 107. ISBN 978-1-903153-56-7.
- ^ a b c Du Pin, Louis Ellies (1699). A New History of Ecclesiastical Writers:: New ecclesiastical history, containing an account of the controversies in religion, the lives and writings of ecclesiastical authors. Abel Swalle and Tim. Childe. p. 110. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Bomberger, John Henry Augustus (1860). The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia. Lindsay & Blakiston. pp. 321, 637. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ Arnold, John (18 July 2024). The Making of Lay Religion in Southern France, C. 1000-1350. Oxford University Press. p. 397. ISBN 978-0-19-287176-3.
- ^ Tingle, Elizabeth C. (6 October 2015). Indulgences after Luther: Pardons in Counter-Reformation France, 1520–1720. Routledge. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-317-31768-5.