Nevanlinna's criterion

(Redirected from Carathéodory's lemma)

In mathematics, Nevanlinna's criterion in complex analysis, proved in 1920 by the Finnish mathematician Rolf Nevanlinna, characterizes holomorphic univalent functions on the unit disk which are starlike. Nevanlinna used this criterion to prove the Bieberbach conjecture for starlike univalent functions.

Statement of criterion

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A univalent function h on the unit disk satisfying h(0) = 0 and h'(0) = 1 is starlike, i.e. has image invariant under multiplication by real numbers in [0,1], if and only if   has positive real part for |z| < 1 and takes the value 1 at 0.

Note that, by applying the result to ah(rz), the criterion applies on any disc |z| < r with only the requirement that f(0) = 0 and f'(0) ≠ 0.

Proof of criterion

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Let h(z) be a starlike univalent function on |z| < 1 with h(0) = 0 and h'(0) = 1.

For t < 0, define[1]

 

a semigroup of holomorphic mappings of D into itself fixing 0.

Moreover h is the Koenigs function for the semigroup ft.

By the Schwarz lemma, |ft(z)| decreases as t increases.

Hence

 

But, setting w = ft(z),

 

where

 

Hence

 

and so, dividing by |w|2,

 

Taking reciprocals and letting t go to 0 gives

 

for all |z| < 1. Since the left hand side is a harmonic function, the maximum principle implies the inequality is strict.

Conversely if

 

has positive real part and g(0) = 1, then h can vanish only at 0, where it must have a simple zero.

Now

 

Thus as z traces the circle  , the argument of the image   increases strictly. By the argument principle, since   has a simple zero at 0, it circles the origin just once. The interior of the region bounded by the curve it traces is therefore starlike. If a is a point in the interior then the number of solutions N(a) of h(z) = a with |z| < r is given by

 

Since this is an integer, depends continuously on a and N(0) = 1, it is identically 1. So h is univalent and starlike in each disk |z| < r and hence everywhere.

Application to Bieberbach conjecture

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Carathéodory's lemma

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Constantin Carathéodory proved in 1907 that if

 

is a holomorphic function on the unit disk D with positive real part, then[2][3]

 

In fact it suffices to show the result with g replaced by gr(z) = g(rz) for any r < 1 and then pass to the limit r = 1. In that case g extends to a continuous function on the closed disc with positive real part and by Schwarz formula

 

Using the identity

 

it follows that

 ,

so defines a probability measure, and

 

Hence

 

Proof for starlike functions

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Let

 

be a univalent starlike function in |z| < 1. Nevanlinna (1921) proved that

 

In fact by Nevanlinna's criterion

 

has positive real part for |z|<1. So by Carathéodory's lemma

 

On the other hand

 

gives the recurrence relation

 

where a1 = 1. Thus

 

so it follows by induction that

 

Notes

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  1. ^ Hayman 1994, p. 14
  2. ^ Duren 1983, p. 41.
  3. ^ Pommerenke 1975, p. 40.

References

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  • Carathéodory, C. (1907), "Über den Variabilitatsbereich der Koeffizienten von Potenzreihen, die gegebene Werte nicht annehmen", Math. Ann., 64: 95–115, doi:10.1007/bf01449883, S2CID 116695038
  • Duren, P. L. (1983), Univalent functions, Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften, vol. 259, Springer-Verlag, pp. 41–42, ISBN 0-387-90795-5
  • Hayman, W. K. (1994), Multivalent functions, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, vol. 110 (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-46026-3
  • Nevanlinna, R. (1921), "Über die konforme Abbildung von Sterngebieten", Ofvers. Finska Vet. Soc. Forh., 53: 1–21
  • Pommerenke, C. (1975), Univalent functions, with a chapter on quadratic differentials by Gerd Jensen, Studia Mathematica/Mathematische Lehrbücher, vol. 15, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht