General Dirichlet series

(Redirected from Abscissa of convergence)

In the field of mathematical analysis, a general Dirichlet series is an infinite series that takes the form of

where , are complex numbers and is a strictly increasing sequence of nonnegative real numbers that tends to infinity.

A simple observation shows that an 'ordinary' Dirichlet series

is obtained by substituting while a power series

is obtained when .

Fundamental theorems

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If a Dirichlet series is convergent at  , then it is uniformly convergent in the domain

 

and convergent for any   where  .

There are now three possibilities regarding the convergence of a Dirichlet series, i.e. it may converge for all, for none or for some values of s. In the latter case, there exist a   such that the series is convergent for   and divergent for  . By convention,   if the series converges nowhere and   if the series converges everywhere on the complex plane.

Abscissa of convergence

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The abscissa of convergence of a Dirichlet series can be defined as   above. Another equivalent definition is

 

The line   is called the line of convergence. The half-plane of convergence is defined as

 

The abscissa, line and half-plane of convergence of a Dirichlet series are analogous to radius, boundary and disk of convergence of a power series.

On the line of convergence, the question of convergence remains open as in the case of power series. However, if a Dirichlet series converges and diverges at different points on the same vertical line, then this line must be the line of convergence. The proof is implicit in the definition of abscissa of convergence. An example would be the series

 

which converges at   (alternating harmonic series) and diverges at   (harmonic series). Thus,   is the line of convergence.

Suppose that a Dirichlet series does not converge at  , then it is clear that   and   diverges. On the other hand, if a Dirichlet series converges at  , then   and   converges. Thus, there are two formulas to compute  , depending on the convergence of   which can be determined by various convergence tests. These formulas are similar to the Cauchy–Hadamard theorem for the radius of convergence of a power series.

If   is divergent, i.e.  , then   is given by

 

If   is convergent, i.e.  , then   is given by

 

Abscissa of absolute convergence

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A Dirichlet series is absolutely convergent if the series

 

is convergent. As usual, an absolutely convergent Dirichlet series is convergent, but the converse is not always true.

If a Dirichlet series is absolutely convergent at  , then it is absolutely convergent for all s where  . A Dirichlet series may converge absolutely for all, for no or for some values of s. In the latter case, there exist a   such that the series converges absolutely for   and converges non-absolutely for  .

The abscissa of absolute convergence can be defined as   above, or equivalently as

 

The line and half-plane of absolute convergence can be defined similarly. There are also two formulas to compute  .

If   is divergent, then   is given by

 

If   is convergent, then   is given by

 

In general, the abscissa of convergence does not coincide with abscissa of absolute convergence. Thus, there might be a strip between the line of convergence and absolute convergence where a Dirichlet series is conditionally convergent. The width of this strip is given by

 

In the case where L = 0, then

 

All the formulas provided so far still hold true for 'ordinary' Dirichlet series by substituting  .

Other abscissas of convergence

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It is possible to consider other abscissas of convergence for a Dirichlet series. The abscissa of bounded convergence   is given by

 

while the abscissa of uniform convergence   is given by

 

These abscissas are related to the abscissa of convergence   and of absolute convergence   by the formulas

 ,

and a remarkable theorem of Bohr in fact shows that for any ordinary Dirichlet series where   (i.e. Dirichlet series of the form  ) ,   and  [1] Bohnenblust and Hille subsequently showed that for every number   there are Dirichlet series   for which  [2]

A formula for the abscissa of uniform convergence   for the general Dirichlet series   is given as follows: for any  , let  , then  [3]

Analytic functions

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A function represented by a Dirichlet series

 

is analytic on the half-plane of convergence. Moreover, for  

 

Further generalizations

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A Dirichlet series can be further generalized to the multi-variable case where  , k = 2, 3, 4,..., or complex variable case where  , m = 1, 2, 3,...

References

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  1. ^ McCarthy, John E. (2018). "Dirichlet Series" (PDF).
  2. ^ Bohnenblust & Hille (1931). "On the Absolute Convergence of Dirichlet Series". Annals of Mathematics. 32 (3): 600–622. doi:10.2307/1968255. JSTOR 1968255.
  3. ^ "Dirichlet series - distance between σu and σc". StackExchange. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  • G. H. Hardy, and M. Riesz, The general theory of Dirichlet's series, Cambridge University Press, first edition, 1915.
  • E. C. Titchmarsh, The theory of functions, Oxford University Press, second edition, 1939.
  • Tom Apostol, Modular functions and Dirichlet series in number theory, Springer, second edition, 1990.
  • A.F. Leont'ev, Entire functions and series of exponentials (in Russian), Nauka, first edition, 1982.
  • A.I. Markushevich, Theory of functions of a complex variables (translated from Russian), Chelsea Publishing Company, second edition, 1977.
  • J.-P. Serre, A Course in Arithmetic, Springer-Verlag, fifth edition, 1973.
  • John E. McCarthy, Dirichlet Series, 2018.
  • H. F. Bohnenblust and Einar Hille, On the Absolute Convergence of Dirichlet Series, Annals of Mathematics, Second Series, Vol. 32, No. 3 (Jul., 1931), pp. 600-622.
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