1935 Hamilton, Ontario, municipal election

The 1935 Hamilton municipal election was held on December 2, 1935 to select one Mayor, four Controllers, and sixteen members of the Hamilton, Ontario, City Council, two from each of the city's eight wards. Voters also cast ballots for trustees for the public school board, and in three plebiscites that sought to restructure elections for both city council and the public school board.^[1]

Campaign

The 1935 municipal campaign in Hamilton occurred at the height of the Great Depression, prompting municipal officials to consider cost-cutting measures in local government. In early November, 1935, Hamilton City Council began debating proposals to lengthen municipal campaigns and stagger elections so save on the cost of printing ballots and hiring polling workers.^[2] James Berry, the city clerk, advised council members that increasing the length of a city council term could save taxpayers $9,000 a year in election-related costs.^[3]

On Tuesday, November 5, council met to debate the matter. There was considerable confusion among members, who opted to submit a plebiscite question to the electorate asking if they were in favour of an increase in the term length for members of the Board of Control, city council, and school board from one year to two years. Almost immediately after passing the motion, the city's solicitor, A.J. Polson, informed Mayor Wilton that the motion was illegal, as it included wording regarding the Hamilton Board of Education. In passing this motion, it would have allowed supporters of Hamilton's Catholic School Board an opportunity to vote on the length of term of trustees for a school board other than the one they supported.^[4] At a follow-up meeting, council determined it would be appropriate to split the plebiscite into three questions, asking voters if they wanted a two-year term, if they preferred a staggered election, and asking public school supporters if they wanted to bring trustee elections in line with council's two-year plan.

Despite having been elected to Parliament, outgoing mayor Herbert Wilton inserted himself into the municipal campaign, giving a speech in late November, 1935, railing against council members who found themselves unable to deal with the financial stresses placed upon the city by the economic crisis in the country. "You complain about high taxation," Wilton said, addressing Hamilton's electorate, "and then vote to elect men who have never been able to successfully manage their own financial affairs."^[5] Wilton, a strong advocate for low taxes and classical liberal economic policy, implored voters to carefully manage municipal finances, which he referred to as a "$8,000,000 business concern."^[5] Wilton also took aim at members of the Communist Party, who were seeking election in the city's working-class north-end. Wilton spoke passionately against the atheism of their members and the economic problems in the Soviet Union at the time. "They preach and teach the doctrine of hate, place their dead in graves without Christian burial, and deny the existence of God," he argued.^[5]

The campaign was overtly partisan, with each political party's organization campaigning to elect candidates friendly to their platform. After the election, the Spectator declared that "Hamilton is still Tory Hamilton is the political affiliations of the new City Council may be taken as a criterion,"^[6] Detailing the political affiliations of the members of council, the Spectator acknowledged that the mayor and 12 members of council were elected with the help of the local Conservative Party, five Liberals were returned, while Controller Nora-Frances Henderson and Ward 7 Alderman Donald Clark were members of the Reconstruction Party of Canada, with Ward 8 Alderman Agnes Sharpe serving as the only Cooperative Commonwealth Federation-affiliated member of council.^[6]

In addition to the efforts of the organized federal parties, there was a clandestine 'ghost' slate supported by local teachers who advocated for the election of William Morrison, and Board of Control candidates Don McFarlane, Thomas Lewington, and Andy Frame. This was in response to the affiliated candidates promising to press the Hamilton Board of Education to reverse pay cuts imposed on teachers thanks to the city's worsening economic situation.^[7]

Mayor

The mayoral race in 1935 was marked by incumbent mayor Herbert Wilton's election earlier that year to Parliament for the constituency of Hamilton West. Soon after his election, incumbent Controller Septimus DuMoulin and former Hamilton East MLA William Morrison, who had been unseated by Sam Lawrence a year earlier, both expressed an interest in contesting the mayoralty.^[8]

The city's Cooperative Commonwealth Federation establishment, organized and energized by Sam Lawrence's election to the Ontario legislature, had originally entertained plans to run a candidate for mayor, though they opted to forego that strategy, instead aiming to put up at least one candidate for election to the Board of Control, city council, and the public school board.^[9] The Liberal Party as well originally considered running local real estate agent F. Kent Hamilton for the office to challenge DuMoulin and Morrison, who were both heavily involved in local Conservative politics. They ultimately decided against this strategy.^[10]

On nomination day, DuMoulin and Morrison were nominated, along with Communist Party candidate John Hunter, local baker Ed Goodfellow, and lawyer William H.W. Wardrope. In their nomination speeches, each candidate outlined core planks in their platform, with DuMoulin emphasizing his experience and a desire to see water-rates lowered, Goodfellow outlining a plan to reduce the city's debt, Wardrope advocating increasing taxes on the wealthy, Hunter proposing a graduated property tax with exemptions for those making less than $3,000 a year, and Morrison calling for a continuation of Wilton's program of keeping taxes and spending low.^[11]

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Mayoral Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	William Morrison	Independent Conservative	12,910	34.7%
	Septimus DuMoulin	Independent Conservative	9,069	24.4%
	William Wardrope	Independent	7,883	21.2%
	Edmund Goodfellow	Independent	5,106	13.7%
	John Hunter	Communist	2,186	6%
Total votes			37,154
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Morrison is Swept into Mayor's Chair," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 5.

Board of Control

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Board of Control Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Freeman Treleaven (incumbent)	Independent Liberal	15,406	17.7%
	Samuel Nelson	Independent Conservative	14,939	17.2%
	Nora-Frances Henderson (incumbent)	Independent Reconstructionist	14,088	16.2%
	Donald McFarlane	Independent Conservative	12,747	14.65%
	Andy Frame	Independent	11,628	13.37%
	John Mitchell	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	8,600	9.89%
	Thomas Lewington	Independent	11,628	9.4%
	Charles McCabe	Independent	7,197	8.78%
	George Jones	Independent	2,268	2.6%
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Controllers' Recapitulation," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New City Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Plebiscites


Hamilton, Ontario Municipal Election 1935 Plebiscites
Question	Yes		No
Question	Votes	%	Votes	%
Are you in favour of electing members of Hamilton City Council to a term of two years?	10,028	32.13%	21,182	67.87%
Are you in favour of the Board of Control and aldermen being elected so that one-half the number are elected for a term of two years, the mayor to be elected for a term of two years?	7,973	28.2%	20,289	71.8%
Are you in favour of all the trustees of the Hamilton Board of Education being elected for a term of two years?	11,543	40.38%	17,043	59.62%
Total votes
Registered voters
Sources: "Plan to Change Voting System Junked," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15.

Aldermen

Ward One

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 1 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	William McFarland (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	4,194
	Orville Walsh (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	2,951
	Charles Turner	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	996
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Two

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 2 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Beamer Hopkins	Independent Conservative	2,184
	William Ainslie (incumbent)	Independent Liberal	1,271
	James Phin	Independent	1,182
	Hugh Lennox	Independent	1,018
	Lawrence Gatenby	Independent	741
	Richard Griffith	Independent	583
	William Shaw	Independent	232
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Three

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 3 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Robert Evans (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	2,219
	Herbert Smye	Independent Conservative	2,110
	William Fick (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	1,740
	Austin MacAuley	Independent	1,633
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Four

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 4 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	John Marsh	Independent Liberal	1,647
	Peter McCulloch	Independent Liberal	1,536
	George Hancock (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	1,298
	John Rowley	Independent	821
	Charles Pollicott	Independent Labour Party	647
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Five

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 5 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Thomas White (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	2,246
	Alexander Nelligan	Independent Conservative	1,163
	Charles Aitchison	Independent	1,114
	John Sherring	Independent	693
	William Ronald	Independent	479
	John Rae	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	430
	Michael Hutchison	Communist Party	330
	Herbert Savage	Independent	124
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Six

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 6 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	William Weir (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	2,774
	John Hodgson (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	2,369
	Archie Pollock	Independent	2,058
	Frank Thomson	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	915
	Bruce Smith	Communist Party	383
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Seven

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 7 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Donald Clark	Independent Reconstructionist	1,776
	Archie Burton (incumbent)	Independent Conservative	1,305
	Sam Clarke	Independent	1,256
	James Morris	Independent	1,170
	John Watson	Independent	628
	John Doyle	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	462
	James Newell	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	358
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Ward Eight

Summary of the December 2, 1935 Hamilton, Ontario Ward 8 Alderman Election
Candidate		Affiliation	Popular vote		Elected?
Candidate		Affiliation	Votes	%	Elected?
	Agnes Sharpe (incumbent)	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	2,191
	Robert Elliott	Independent Conservative	1,871
	George Snyder	Independent	1,630
	Roy Aindow	Cooperative Commonwealth Federation	1,166
	Thomas Ellis	Independent	708
Total votes
Registered voters
Note: Candidate campaign colours are used as a visual differentiation between candidates and to indicate affiliation.
Sources: "Recapitulation for the aldermen", Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 15. "Conservative Majority in New Council," Hamilton Spectator, December 3, 1935, pp. 7.

Board of education