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{{Short description|Confederation of protostates in southeastern Korean peninsula}}
{{redirect|Jin Han|the actor|Jin Han (actor)}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = 진한 (辰韓)
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{{History of Korea}}
 
Jinhan, much like the other Samhan confederacies, arosesucceeded outits ofpredecessor, the confusion[[Jin and(Korean migrationhistory)|Jin followingstate]] after the fall of [[Wiman Joseon]] up north with the latter being replaced by the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] following the [[Han conquest of Gojoseon]] in 108 BC.
 
Before the 3rd century, it was presumed that there was no distinction between the Jinhan (辰韓) and [[Byeonhan confederacy|Byeonhan/Byeonjin]] (弁韓 or 弁辰). The people of Jinhan and Byeonhan intermingled and immigrated quite frequently (雜居), ultimately making it difficult to differentiate the two states culturally and ethnically.{{See also|Sinicization|Sinocentrism}}A claim found in the Chinese annals, ''[[San Guo Zhi]]'' and the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'' states that refugees from the [[Lelang Commandery|Lelang]] area found Jinhan after political turmoil of the [[Qin dynasty]] at the end of the 3rd century BCE and carried over the name "Qin/秦".{{sfnp|Graff|2015|pp=18–19}} The first ever mention of Qin-Jinhan claim is found in the ''San Guo Zhi''.
A claim found in the Chinese annals, ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'' state that refugees from the [[Lelang Commandery|Lelang]] area found Jinhan after political turmoil of the [[Qin dynasty]] at the end of the 3rd century BCE and carried over the name "Qin/秦".{{sfnp|Graff|2015|pp=18–19}} However, due to the dates overlapping with [[Jin (Korean history)|Jin]] state (4th~2nd century BCE)<ref name="Corea2">Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 〈Korean History in Maps〉, 2014, pp.18-20</ref> and no Korean historical documents backing this claim, it is mostly regarded as a false rumor as the [[Samhan|Samhan kingdoms]] (including Jinhan) specifically claimed successorship over Jin (辰國) and not the Qin Dynasty (秦朝)<ref name="Corea2"/> (it is also noted that the claim found in the annals allude to a mention made by an elderly passerby of no social importance). The claim is further discredited as Korea's ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' states that the [[Hyeokgeose of Silla|first king of Silla]] (the kingdom that succeeded Jinhan) built the kingdom alongside the indigenous Koreans from [[Gojoseon]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Samguk Sagi |script-title=zh:卷第一 新羅本紀 第一 |trans-title=Book 1, Founding of Silla, Chapter 1 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg&types=o |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Database of Korean History Gov}}</ref><ref>先是、朝鮮遺民分居山谷之間、爲六村、一曰閼川楊山村、二曰突山髙墟村、三曰觜山珍支村 或云干珍村、四曰茂山大樹村、五曰金山加利村、六曰明活山髙耶村、是爲辰韓六部。</ref> Such misconception had ultimately affected immigrants who hailed from Silla to Japan known as the [[Hata clan]] who were wrongfully labeled as descendants of the Qin Dynasty simply for being associated with Silla.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=弓月の君秦氏の謎 {{!}} 秦歴史文化遺産保存 |url=http://www.kibinosato-hada.com/kibinosato-hada2.com/course2.html |website=www.kibinosato-hada.com |language=Japanese}}</ref>
 
{{Quote|text=辰韓耆老自言秦之亡人避苦役適韓國馬韓割東界地與之。<br/>Jinhan, according to an [[Old age|old]] [[man]], is a land Mahan shared to the refugees of the Lelang area.|title=[[San Guo Zhi]]}}{{Quote|text=辰韓在馬韓之東、其耆老傳世、自言古之亡人避秦役來適韓國、馬韓割其東界地與之。<br/>Jinhan is located in the east of Mahan. According to an [[Old age|old]] [[man]], Mahan shared parts of its land to the refugees or the Lelang area which became Jinhan.|title=[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]}}
[[Records of the Three Kingdoms|Book of Wei - Volume 30]]'s some part are record left by Wei envoy who visited ''[[Okjeo]]'' and ''Jinhan'' after the victory of the ''[[Goguryeo–Wei War]]'' and the ''[[Mahan confederacy|Battle of Giryeong]]'' at the late 3rd century.
 
However, due to the dates overlapping with the [[Jin (Korean history)|Jin state]] (4th~2nd century BCE)<ref name="Corea2">Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, 〈Korean History in Maps〉, 2014, pp.18-20</ref> and no Korean historical documents backing this claim,<ref>Both [[Samguk Sagi|''Samguk Sagi'']] and ''[[Samguk Yusa]]'' record Jinhan as "辰韓" not "秦韓".</ref> it is criticized by modern historians as the [[Samhan|Samhan kingdoms]] (including Jinhan) specifically claimed successorship over Jin (辰國) and not the Qin Dynasty (秦朝).<ref name="Corea2" /> The claim found in the annals is also questioned for its validity as both sources allude to an [[Old age|elderly]] [[man]] of no social importance and is mostly regarded as a false rumor used for [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric]] [[propaganda]].<ref>Chinese records simply mention an "old man (耆老)", therefore, the claim itself is quite difficult to verify or crossreference as neither his full name, profession or credibility is mentioned in all accounts he is found. Hence, the claim is deemed to be a rumor at best.</ref> In addition, the Qin dynasty story is only found in Chinese records and not in any of the surviving and/or lost Korean texts. It should also be noted that the ''History of the Northern Dynasties'', being written after the ''San Guo Zhi'', repeats much of the same claims (Qin-Jinhan refugee theory, Mahan sharing its lands, referencing an old man, etc) which puts the claims under scrutiny as they're repeated statements of the ''San Guo Zhi'' and do not provide any additional information or evidence to back the story. The claim is further discredited as Korea's ''[[Samguk Sagi]]'' (a history book written by [[Kim Bu-sik]] which heavily focuses on facts that allude to credible sources) states that the [[Hyeokgeose of Silla|first king of Silla]] (the kingdom that succeeded Jinhan) built the kingdom alongside the indigenous Koreans from [[Gojoseon]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Samguk Sagi |script-title=zh:卷第一 新羅本紀 第一 |trans-title=Book 1, Founding of Silla, Chapter 1 |url=http://db.history.go.kr/item/level.do?itemId=sg&types=o |access-date=3 January 2022 |website=Database of Korean History Gov}}</ref>
Thus, Jinhan's 12 countries are records of quasi-independent countries that have weakened since the defeat of Silla during the [[Cheomhae of Silla|Cheomhae Isageum]] era.
 
{{Quote|text=先是、朝鮮遺民分居山谷之間、爲六村、一曰閼川楊山村、二曰突山髙墟村、三曰觜山珍支村 或云干珍村、四曰茂山大樹村、五曰金山加利村、六曰明活山髙耶村、是爲辰韓六部。<br/>There were six countries in the area founded by the indigenous [[Koreans]] of Gojoseon [...] these were the six countries of Jinhan.|title=[[Samguk Sagi]]|author=[[Kim Bu-sik]]}}
Before the 3rd century, it was presumed that there was no distinction between the Jinhan (辰韓) and [[Byeonhan confederacy|Byeonhan]] (弁韓 or 弁辰).
 
It is also referenced in the ''Samguk Sagi'' that Kim Bu-sik took notes from now lost books called "[[:ko:국사_(역사서)|Guksa]] (國史/National History Book [of Silla])", "[[Silla Gogi]] (新羅古記/Annals of Silla)" and "[[:ko:제왕연대력|Jaewangyeondaeryeok]] (帝王年代歷/Records of the Kings)",<ref name=":0" /> Korean books that were written during the [[Three Kingdoms of Korea|Three Kingdoms period]] when studying about Jinhan, which suggests that the indegineous Koreans did not believe in the Qin dynasty story or it was contained only within China and were oblivious about the story themselves.<ref>Korean texts that mention this theory are post-Goryeo records that allude to the aforementioned theory claimed by the Chinese and allude to ''San Guo Zhi'' and ''History of the Northern Dynasties'' as sources. This further supports the claim that no native Korean sources exist surrounding this theory.</ref> It should also be noted that Kim did not include myths and rumors in the fact-oriented ''Samguk Sagi'', evident in his encounter with the baseless rumors surrounding [[Lady Saso]] (see [[Lady Saso#Criticisms surrounding her origins|Lady Saso's origins]]).<ref>Similar legend can be found within the history of Korea under [[Heo Hwang-ok]], a supposed [[Indian people|Indian]] princess who arrived in [[Gaya confederacy|Gaya]] that married the king. However, the story of Heo is believed to be part of [[Buddhism|Buddhist-centric]] ideology due to it only being a "claim" that has no factual, historical, archaeological or geneaological evidence much like the [[Sinocentrism|Sinocentric]] theories found at the time.</ref>
It is said that the people of Jinhan and Byeonhan intermingled and immigrated quite frequently (雜居), ultimately making it difficult to differentiate the two states culturally.
 
Such misconception had ultimately affected immigrants who hailed from Silla to Japan known as the [[Hata clan]] who were wrongfully labeled as descendants of the Qin Dynasty simply for being associated with Silla.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=弓月の君秦氏の謎 {{!}} 秦歴史文化遺産保存 |url=http://www.kibinosato-hada.com/kibinosato-hada2.com/course2.html |website=www.kibinosato-hada.com |language=Japanese}}</ref>
 
==Culture==
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