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===Origin===
The origins of the Turkic Khanate trace back to 546, when [[Bumin Qaghan]] made a preemptive strike against the [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghur]] and [[Tiele people|Tiele]] groups planning a revolt against their overlords, the [[Rouran Khaganate|Rouran Khanate]]. For this service he expected to be rewarded with a Rouran princess, thus marrying into the royal family. However, the Rouran [[khagan]], [[Yujiulü Anagui]], sent an emissary to Bumin to rebuke him, saying, "You are my blacksmith slave. How dare you utter these words?" As Anagui's "blacksmith slave" ({{zh|t=[[wikt:鍛|鍛]][[wikt:奴|奴]]|p=duànnú}}) comment was recorded in Chinese chronicles, some claim that the Göktürks were indeed blacksmith servants for the Rouran elite,<ref>馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, p. 10–11 {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, {{ISBN|978-957-11-2881-8}}, p. 155 {{in lang|zh}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1dRpAAAAMAAJ&q=slave++Rouran Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", ''X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 – 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler'', V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.] {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Burhan |last=Oğuz |title=Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri |location=İstanbul |publisher=Matbaası |year=1976 |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kOwBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22demirci+k%C3%B6le%22 |chapter=«Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e |isbn=9789758586226 |
[[File:An Jia welcoming a Turk. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an.jpg|thumb|left|Panel from the [[Tomb of Anjia]], a Sogdian trader (right), who is shown welcoming a Turkic leader (left, with long hair combed in the back). 579 CE, [[Xi'an]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baumer |first1=Christoph |title=History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set |date=18 April 2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-868-2 |page=228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA228 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="SYET">{{cite journal |last1=Yatsenko |first1=Sergey A. |title=Early Turks: Male Costume in the Chinese Art |journal=Transoxiana |date=August 2009 |volume=14 |url=http://www.transoxiana.com.ar/14/yatsenko_turk_costume_chinese_art.html}}</ref>]]
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===Western expansion===
Having excelled both in battle and diplomacy, Bumin declared himself Illig Khagan of the new khanate at [[Otukan]], but died only months later. His son, [[Muqan Qaghan]], defeated the [[Hephthalite Empire]].<ref>Li Yanshou (李延寿), ''[[History of Northern Dynasties]]'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]]</ref>
Bumin's brother [[Istämi]] (d. 576) bore the title "[[Yabgu]] of the West". This western branch of the Ashina clan was ''de facto'' independent while the eastern khagan was formally recognized as the senior. In 557, Istämi forged an alliance with the [[Sasanian Empire|Sassanid Empire]] of [[Iran]] to defeat and destroy the Hephthalites, who were allies of the Rouran.{{sfn|Kamola|2023|p=13-14}} This war tightened the Ashina clan's grip on the [[Silk Road]]. The alliance with China was further reinforced in 568 through the marriage of the Turkic princess [[Empress Ashina|Ashina]], daughter of Muqan Qaghan, with [[Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou|Emperor Wu]] of the [[Xianbei]]-led Chinese [[Northern Zhou|Northern Zhou dynasty]].
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The civil war left the empire divided into eastern and western parts. The eastern part, still ruled from Otukan, remained in the orbit of the Sui and retained the name Göktürk. The [[Shibi Khan]] (609–619) and [[Illig Qaghan]] (620–630) attacked the [[Zhongyuan|Central Plain]] at its weakest moment during the [[transition from Sui to Tang|transition between the Sui and Tang]]. Shibi Khan's surprise attack against [[Yanmen Commandery]] during an imperial tour of the northern frontier almost captured [[Emperor Yang of Sui|Emperor Yang]], but his [[Han Chinese|ethnic Han]] wife Princess Yicheng—who had been well treated by [[Empress Xiao (Sui dynasty)|Empress Xiao]] during an earlier visit—sent a warning ahead, allowing the emperor and empress time to flee to the commandery seat at present-day [[Daixian]] in [[Shanxi]].<ref name="daxiong">{{harvp|Xiong|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=-1PSb8wp-woC&pg=PA63 63–4]}}</ref> This was besieged by the Turkic army on September 11, 615,<ref name="sinocal" /><ref name="Zizhi182">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷182|Vol. 182.]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref> but Sui reinforcements and a false report from Princess Yicheng to her husband about a northern attack on the khaganate caused him to lift the siege before its completion.<ref name="daxiong" />
In 626, Illig Qaghan took advantage of the [[Xuanwu Gate Incident]] and drove on to Chang'an. On September 23, 626,<ref name="sinocal">[[:zh:武德|武德]]九年 八月癸未 [http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ Academia Sinica] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522200011/http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ |date=2010-05-22 }} {{in lang|zh}}</ref> Illig Qaghan and his iron cavalry reached the bank of the [[Wei River]] north of Bian Bridge (in present-day [[Xianyang]], [[Shaanxi]]). On September 25, 626,<ref name="sinocal" /> Tang Taizong allied with Iligh Khan and met with the khan on the border bridge, Tang Taizong accused Iligh Khan of crossing the border, the khan saw that Taizong was imposing, mistakenly thought that the reinforcements of the Tang Dynasty had arrived, plus two years ago, he had seen Li Shimin, who was still the crown prince at that time, in Binzhou (彬州), and was asked to duel. The khan was afraid and agreed to retreat in an alliance, which is called the Weishui Alliance (渭水之盟) or the Alliance of Bian Qiao (便橋會盟 / 便桥会盟).<ref>{{Cite book |last=司 |first=马光 |title=《资治通鉴·卷第一百九十一·唐纪七》 |publisher=In 1086, the government of Emperor Shenzong of Song |year=1086 |pages=《资治通鉴·卷第一百九十一·唐纪七》 |quote=上自出玄武门，与高士廉、房玄龄等立骑径诣渭水上，与颉利隔水而语，责以负约。突厥大惊，皆下马罗拜。俄而诸军继至，旌甲蔽野，颉利见执失思力不返，而上挺身轻出，军容甚盛，有惧色。上麾诸军使却而布陈，独留与颉利语。萧瑀以上轻敌，叩马固谏，上曰：“吾筹之已熟，非卿所知。突厥所以敢倾国而来，直抵郊甸者，以我国内有难，朕新即位，谓我不能抗御故也。我若示之心弱，闭门拒守，虏必放兵大掠，不可复制。故朕轻骑独出，示若轻之；又震曜军容，使之必战；出虏不意，使之失图。虏入我地既深，必有惧心，故与战则克，与和则固矣。制服突厥，在此一举，卿第观之！”}}</ref> On the third day after the meeting, the khan sent 3,000 horses and 10,000 sheep to the border to be prepared as compensation for the Tang dynasty, which Emperor Taizong did not accept, believing that this was too little.
Before mid-October 627, heavy snows on the [[Mongolian-Manchurian grassland]] covered the ground to a depth of several feet, preventing the nomads' livestock from grazing and causing a massive die-off among the animals.<ref>David Andrew Graff, ''Medieval Chinese warfare, 300–900'', Routledge, 2002, {{ISBN|978-0-415-23955-4}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QDsfWBimDEkC&dq=Famine+627+China&pg=PA186 p. 186.]</ref> According to the ''New Book of Tang'', in 628, Taizong mentioned that "There has been a frost in midsummer. The sun had risen from same place for five days. The moon had had the same light level for three days. The field was filled with red atmosphere (dust storm)."<ref>Ouyang Xiu, ''New Book of Tang'', [[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215上|Vol. 215-I]] {{in lang|zh}}</ref>
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==Genetics==
{{Main|Göktürks#Genetics}}The population of the First Turkic Khaganate displayed genetic heterogeneity. Türk remains analysed displayed on average c. 62% [[Ancient Northeast Asian]], c. 27% [[Western Steppe Herders]], and c. 11% [[BMAC]]-associated ancestry. A sample belonging to the [[Ashina tribe]], the ruling clan of the Göktürks, was found to be nearly entirely derived from Ancient Northeast Asians (96-98%) and also displayed affinity for the [[Slab-grave culture]]. According to the authors, these findings "once again validates a cultural diffusion model over a demic diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages" and refutes "the western Eurasian origin and multiple origin hypotheses".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Xiao‐Min |last2=Meng |first2=Hai‐Liang |last3=Zhang |first3=Jian‐Lin |last4=Yu |first4=Yao |last5=Allen |first5=Edward |last6=Xia |first6=Zi‐Yang |last7=Zhu |first7=Kong‐Yang |last8=Du |first8=Pan‐Xin |last9=Ren |first9=Xiao‐Ying |last10=Xiong |first10=Jian‐Xue |last11=Lu |first11=Xiao‐Yu |last12=Ding |first12=Yi |last13=Han |first13=Sheng |last14=Liu |first14=Wei‐Peng |last15=Jin |first15=Li |date=November 2023
==Gallery==
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