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'''Aditya-L1''' (from [[Sanskrit]]: ''[[Surya|Aditya]]'', "Sun") is a [[coronagraph]]y spacecraft to study the [[Sun#Atmosphere|solar atmosphere]], designed and developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) and various other Indian research institutes.<ref name="CurrSci_113_04" /> It will be orbiting at about 1.5 million km from Earth in a [[halo orbit]] around the [[Lagrange point|L1 Lagrange point]] between the [[Earth]] and the [[Sun]] where it will study the solar atmosphere, [[Solar storm|solar magnetic storms,]] and their impact on the environment around the Earth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya – L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303041833/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=3 March 2018 |access-date=1 June 2017 |publisher=ISRO}}</ref>
It is the first Indian mission dedicated to observing the Sun. [[Nigar Shaji]] is the project's director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2023 |title=Meet The Project Director Of Ambitious Mission Aditya-L1 {{!}} Nigar Shaji from Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/videos/times-now/india/meet-the-project-director-of-ambitious-mission-aditya-l1-nigar-shaji-from-tamil-nadu-video-103302519 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ISROs Aditya-L1 Solar Mission: Nigar Shaji Addresses After Successful Launch Of First Sun Mission |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/news/isros-aditya-l1-solar-mission-nigar-shaji-addresses-after-successful-launch-of-first-sun-mission-2656810.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="nie_20230902_projectdirector">{{Cite web |title=Meet Nigar Shaji from TN's Tenkasi, Aditya-L1 mission project director |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902155211/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/sep/02/meet-nigar-shaji-from-tns-tenkasi-aditya-l1-mission-project-director-2610872.html |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ndtv_20230902_projectdirector">{{Cite web |title=Meet Nigar Shaji, The Project Director Of India's First Sun Mission: 5 Points |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-points-about-nigar-shaji-project-director-of-india-s-maiden-solar-mission-4352495 |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902180138/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/5-points-about-nigar-shaji-project-director-of-india-s-maiden-solar-mission-4352495 |archive-date=2 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Aditya-L1 was launched aboard the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] C57 at 11:50 [[India Standard Time|IST]] on September 2 September 2023,<ref name="twitter_20230901_isro_launchannounce">{{Cite tweet |author=ISRO |author-link=ISRO |user=isro |number=1697506899242217921 |title=PSLV-C57/Aditya-L1 Mission: The 23-hour 40-minute countdown leading to the launch at 11:50 Hrs. IST on September 2, 2023, has commended today at 12:10 Hrs. The launch can be watched LIVE on ISRO Website https://isro.gov.in Facebook https://facebook.com/ISRO YouTube https://youtube.com/watch?v=_IcgGYZTXQw… DD National TV channel from 11:20 Hrs. IST |date=1 September 2023}}</ref><ref name="it-20230824"/><ref name="launch" /> ten days after the successful landing of ISRO's [[moon]] mission, [[Chandrayaan-3|Chandrayaan 3]]. It successfully achieved its intended orbit nearly an hour later, and separated from its [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle#Fourth stage (PS4)|fourth stage]] at 12:57 IST.<ref name="it_20230902_liveblog">{{Cite web |title=Aditya L1 Mission: Aditya L1 Launch LIVE Updates: Aditya L1 spacecraft successfully separated from PSLV rocket, now en route to Sun-Earth L1 point. ISRO says mission accomplished |date=2 September 2023 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/aditya-l1-live-news-updates-isro-first-solar-mission-launch-02-september-2023/liveblog/103297403.cms |access-date=2 September 2023 |website=The Economic Times |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903115715/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/newsblogs/aditya-l1-live-news-updates-isro-first-solar-mission-launch-02-september-2023/liveblog/103297403.cms |archive-date=3 September 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Mission objectives ==
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== History ==
[[File:Aditya L1.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in stowed configuration]][[File:Aditya-L1 spacecraft diagram.jpg|thumb|Aditya-L1 in deployed configuration]]Aditya was conceptualised in January 2008 by the Advisory Committee for Space Sciences (ADCOS).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SAC Industry Portal |url=https://www.sac.gov.in/SAC_Industry_Portal/programme_hsp.html |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=www.sac.gov.in |publisher=Space Applications Center, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-14 |editor-last=Teotia |editor-first=Riya |title=ISRO shares first images of Aditya-L1 satellite ahead of India's first-ever mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/isro-share-first-images-of-aditya-l1-satellite-ahead-of-indias-first-ever-mission-to-study-the-sun-625203 |access-date=2023-09-03 |website=WION |language=en-us}}</ref> It was initially envisaged as a small {{cvt|400|kg}} satellite in a [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth Orbit]] (800 km) with a [[coronagraph]] to study the [[solar corona]]. An experimental budget of {{INR|3 crore}} was allocated for the financial year 2016–2017.<ref name="2016-17_budget">{{Cite press release |title=Notes on Demands for Grants, 2016–2017 |publisher=Department of Space |url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |access-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917064145/http://indiabudget.nic.in/ub2016-17/eb/sbe84.pdf |archive-date=17 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Aditya gets ready to gaze at the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |access-date=25 August 2017 |archive-date=26 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033106/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/aditya-gets-ready-to-gaze-at-the-sun/article8212387.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Gandhi |first=Divya |date=13 January 2008 |title=ISRO planning to launch satellite to study the sun |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |access-date=26 August 2017 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915091339/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/ISRO-planning-to-launch-satellite-to-study-the-sun/article15143000.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The scope of the mission has since been expanded and it
==Name==
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[[File:Lagrange-better.png|thumb|upright=1.0|right|[[Lagrange point]]s in the Sun–Earth system (not to scale) – a small object at any one of the five points will hold its relative position.]]
The Aditya-L1 mission will take around 109 Earth days after launch<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2020 |title=Department Of Space, Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007125322/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/flipping_book/annual_report_2019-20_english/files/assets/common/downloads/Annual%20Report%202019-20%20(English).pdf |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref> to reach the [[halo orbit]] around the L1 point, which is about {{cvt|1500000|km}} from Earth. The spacecraft is planned to remain in the halo orbit for its mission duration while being maintained at a [[Orbital station-keeping|stationkeeping]] Δv of 0.2–4 m/s per year.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muralidharan |first=Vivek |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/open_access_theses/1310/ |title=Orbit Maintenance Strategies for Sun-Earth/Moon Libration Point Missions: Parameter Selection for Target Point and Cauchy-Green Tensor Approaches |journal=Open Access Theses |publisher=M.S. Thesis, Purdue University |year=2017 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana, United States |pages=183–194}}</ref> The {{cvt|1500|kg}} satellite carries seven science payloads with various objectives, including instruments to measure [[Coronal heating problem|coronal heating]], [[solar wind]] acceleration, coronal magnetometry, the origin and monitoring of [[Ultraviolet|near-UV]] [[Solar irradiance|solar radiation]] (which drives Earth's upper atmospheric dynamics and global climate), coupling of the solar photosphere to the chromosphere and corona,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wedemeyer-Böhm |first=S. |last2=Lagg |first2=A. |last3=Nordlund |first3=Å |date=2009-09-15 |title=Coupling from the photosphere to the chromosphere and the corona |url=http://arxiv.org/abs/0809.0987 |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=144 |issue=1-4 |pages=317–350 |doi=10.1007/s11214-008-9447-8 |issn=0038-6308}}</ref> and [[In situ|in-situ]]
Aditya-L1 will provide observations of the sun's [[photosphere]], [[chromosphere]] and [[solar corona|corona]]. Its scientific payloads must be placed outside the interference from the [[Earth's magnetic field]] and hence could not have been useful in the low Earth orbit as proposed in the original Aditya mission concept.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aditya-L1 First Indian mission to study the Sun |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210161048/https://www.isro.gov.in/aditya-l1-first-indian-mission-to-study-sun |archive-date=10 December 2019 |access-date=19 June 2019 |website=isro.gov.in}}</ref>
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==Team==
* [[Nigar Shaji]] - P Project director
* [[Sankarasubramanian. K|Sankarasubramanian K]] - Principal scientist of the mission<ref>{{Cite web |title=Educational qualification of scientists behind ISRO's solar mission, Aditya L-1 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/education/report-educational-qualification-of-scientists-behind-aditya-l-1-mission-chandrayaan-3-s-somanath-iit-iisc-bengaluru-3058363 |access-date=2023-09-04 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
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