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"The second phase of the war began on 14 May 1948, with the completion of the withdrawal of British troops, the termination of the British Mandate, and the declaration of the establishment of the State of Israel." Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit |
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The '''1948 Palestine war'''{{Efn|In Israel it is called the '''War of Independence''' ({{lang-he|מלחמת העצמאות}}; ''Milkhemet Ha'Atzma'ut'')}} was fought in the territory of what had been, at the start of the war, British-ruled [[Mandatory Palestine]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Palestinian Nakba: What Happened in 1948 and Why It Still Matters |people=Middle East Institute |via=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFte-gFBPM0 |language=en |access-date=2022-10-17 |archive-date=2022-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017163550/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFte-gFBPM0 |url-status=live }}{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}</ref><ref>Michael R. Fischbach, an American scholar of the archives of the [[United Nations Conciliation Commission|United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine]], estimates that, in all, Palestinians lost some 6 to 8 million dunams (1.5 to 2 million acres) of land, not including communal land farmed by villages or state land. {{cite encyclopedia|first=Philip|last=Mattar|author-link=Philip Mattar |title=Al-Nakba |editor-first=Philip |editor-last=Mattar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA329 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Palestinians |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128022940/https://books.google.com/books?id=GkbzYoZtaJMC&pg=PA329 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |publisher=[[Infobase]] |year=2005|isbn=9780816069866 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Reuven |last=Firestone |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EHyqYbTM-dwC&pg=PA10 |quote=To Jews, the Jewish-Arab war of 1947–1948 is the War of Independence (''milchemet ha'atzma'ut''). To Arabs, and especially Palestinians, it is the ''nakba'' or calamity. I therefore refrain from assigning names to wars. I refer to the wars between the State of Israel and its Arab and Palestinian neighbors according to their dates: 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128022941/https://books.google.com/books?id=EHyqYbTM-dwC&pg=PA10 |archive-date=2022-11-28 |title=Holy War in Judaism: The Fall and Rise of a Controversial Idea |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2012 |pages=10, 296|isbn=978-0-19-986030-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Neil | last = Caplan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JyAgn_dD43cC&pg=PT17 | quote = Perhaps the most famous case of differences over the naming of events is the 1948 war (more accurately, the fighting from December 1947 through January 1949). For Israel it is their 'War of Liberation' or 'War of Independence' (in Hebrew, ''milhemet ha-atzama'ut'') full of the joys and overtones of deliverance and redemption. For Palestinians, it is ''Al-Nakba'', translated as 'The Catastrophe' and including in its scope the destruction of their society and the expulsion and flight of some 700,000 refugees. | title = The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories | publisher = John Wiley & Sons | year = 2011 | page = 17 | isbn = 978-1-4443-5786-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Neil | last = Caplan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ohPWON3LnDMC&pg=PA17 | quote = Although some historians would cite 14 May 1948 as the start of the war known variously as the Israeli War of Independence, an-Nakba (the (Palestinian) Catastrophe), or the first Palestine war, it would be more accurate to consider that war as beginning on 30 November 1947. | title = Futile Diplomacy: The United Nations, the Great Powers, and Middle East Peacemaking 1948–1954 | volume = 3 | publisher = Frank Cass & Co | year = 1997 | page = 17 | isbn=978-0-7146-4756-2 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite dictionary |script-title=ar: نكبة |title=nakba |page=1|url=https://www.almaany.com/en/dict/ar-en/%D9%86%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9/|access-date=2021-08-21|dictionary=Almaany|language=en}}</ref> During the war, the British withdrew from Palestine, [[Zionism|Zionist]] forces conquered territory and established the [[State of Israel]], and over 700,000 Palestinians [[1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight|were expelled or fled]]. It was the first war of the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] and the broader [[Arab–Israeli conflict]].
The war had two main phases, the first being the [[1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine|1947–1948 civil war]], which began on 30 November 1947,<ref>[[#morris|Morris (2008)]], p.77</ref> a day after the [[United Nations]] voted to adopt the [[United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine|Partition Plan for Palestine]], which planned for the division of the territory into Jewish and Arab sovereign states, and an [[Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)|international Jerusalem]] ([[UN Resolution 181]]). During this period the British still maintained a declining rule over Palestine and occasionally intervened in the violence.<ref>[[#morris|Morris (2008)]], pp. 77–79</ref><ref>[[#tal|Tal (2003)]], p.41</ref> In April and May, at the end of the civil war phase, Zionist forces executed [[Plan Dalet]], an offensive to conquer territories in Palestine in preparation for the establishment of a Jewish state.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalidi |first=Walid |date=1988-10-01 |title=Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2307/2537591 |journal=Journal of Palestine Studies |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=4–19 |doi=10.2307/2537591 |issn=0377-919X |jstor=2537591 |quote='Plan Dalet' or 'Plan D' was the name given by the Zionist High Command to the general plan for military operations within the framework of which the Zionists launched successive offensives in April and early May 1948 in various parts of Palestine. These offensives, which entailed the destruction of the Palestinian Arab community and the expulsion and pauperization of the bulk of the Palestine Arabs, were calculated to achieve the military fait accompli upon which the state of Israel was to be based.}}</ref> The second phase of the war began on 14 May 1948, with the
By the end of the war, the former territory of the mandate was divided among the State of Israel, which had captured about 78% of it, the [[Jordan|Kingdom of Jordan]] (then known as Transjordan), which [[Jordanian annexation of the West Bank|had captured and later annexed]] the area that became the [[West Bank]], and [[Egypt]], which had captured the [[Gaza Strip]].
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