Annan (Tang protectorate): Difference between revisions

During the era of the Annan Protectorate, the people now known as theSince [[Vietnameseancient peoplehistory|Vietnameseantiquity]] had no particular name. They were referred to in Chinese writing as the ''Wildpeoples Man''of (WildNorthern Barbarians), the ''Li'' or the Annamese.{{sfn|Schafer|1967|p=53}}{{sfn|Taylor|1983|p=149}} Since [[ancient history|antiquity]] theyVietnam had been noted for their common tattooing and cropped hair, wearing line ponchos (''[[yếm]]''), wielded wooden spears, and shot boneheaded arrows. They also sacrified men to their agricultural gods.{{sfn|Schafer|1967|p=53}} In the north, around Yongzhou ([[Nanning]]), near modern-day [[Guangxi]], mountains were the territories of the Huang (Ghwang) people or the "Grotto Barbarians", the [[Nùng people]] and the Ning clans.{{sfn|Schafer|1967|p=50}}{{sfn|Schafer|1967|p=51}}

Revival of direct Tang control over Annan for two centuries resulted in a hybrid Tang-Vietnameseindigenous culture, political and legal structures.{{sfn|Walker|2012|p=184}} Local [[sinicized]] elites used Chinese script, and ordinary people and tribesmen adopted personal names and name styles that corresponding to [[Vietnamese name|Vietnamese personal names]] until now.{{sfn|Shing|2004|ppp=209-211}} A large number of Chinese officers and soldiers were sent to Annan, some of whom married Vietnameselocal women and settled down.{{sfn|Walker|2012|p=184}} [[Buddhism]] thrived in Annan throughout the Tang era. Some of Chinese monks came and taught Chinese Buddhism in Annan. [[Wu Yantong]] (d. 820), a prominent Chinese monk in Annan, brought a new sect of [[Chan Buddhism]] that survived for about five centuries.{{sfn|Walker|2012|p=184}} VietnameseLocal women had large roles and status in religious life and society.{{sfn|Shing|2004|p=209}} Buddhist texts were written in Chinese, and recited with Vietnamese pronunciation.{{sfn|Walker|2012|p=184}} Vietnamese temples and monasteries differed with Chinese and other East Asian countries in their role as the ''[[Vietnamese communal temple|đình]]'', the village spiritual center, where village elders met.{{sfn|Walker|2012|p=184}} The famous Tang Chinese monk [[Yijing (monk)|Yijing]] mentioned six Vietnamese monks who went on pilgrimage to India and [[Ceylon]] in search of the [[Dharma]].{{sfn|Thich|2007|ppp=35-36}} Although [[Daoism]] became the dynasty's official religion, four prominent Tang poets praised Buddhist masters who hailed from Annan.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=108}} Indigenous [[Confucianism|Confucianist]] scholarly elites remained very relatively small.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=109}} In 845, a Tang official reported to the throne that "Annan has produced no more than eight imperial officials; senior graduates have not exceeded ten." [[Liêu Hữu Phương]] was the only recorded Vietnamese student from Annan to have passed the [[imperial exams|classical exams]] in 816 in the Tang capital of [[Chang'an]]. He succeeded on his second attempt and became a librarian at the imperial court.{{sfn|Kiernan|2019|p=109}}