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'''Saddam Hussein'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|s|ə|ˈ|d|ɑ:|m|_|h|uː|ˈ|s|eɪ|n|audio=En-us-Saddam Hussein from Iraq pronunciation (Voice of America).ogg}} {{respell|sə|DAHM|_|hoo|SAYN}}; {{lang-ar|صدام حسين}}, {{IPA|acm|sˤɐdˈdɑːm ɜħˈsɪe̯n|lang}}; also known by his full name '''Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti'''; {{lang-ar|صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي}}. He is known [[mononym]]ously as '''Saddam'''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shewchuk |first=Blair |date=February 2003 |title=Saddam or Mr. Hussein? |work=[[CBC News]] |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news2/indepth/words/saddam_hussein.html |quote=This brings us to the first, and primary, reason many newsrooms use 'Saddam' – it's how he's known throughout Iraq and the rest of the Middle East.}}</ref>{{efn|''[[Saddam (name)|Saddam]]'' ({lang-ar|صدام}}), pronounced {{IPA|ar|sˤɑdˈdæːm|}} in [[Modern Standard Arabic]], is his personal name, and means "the stubborn one" or "he who confronts". ''Hussein'' (sometimes also transliterated as '''Hussayn''' or '''Hussain''') is not a surname in the Western sense but a [[Patronymic in Arabic|patronymic]] or ''[[nasab]]'', his father's given personal name; ''Abd al-Majid'' his grandfather's; ''al-Tikriti'' is a ''[[laqab]]'' meaning he was born and raised in, or near, [[Tikrit]]. He was commonly referred to as ''Saddam Hussein'', or ''Saddam'' for short. The observation that referring to the deposed Iraqi president as only ''Saddam'' is derogatory or inappropriate may be based on the assumption that Hussein is a family name, thus ''[[The New York Times]]'' refers to him as "Mr. Hussein",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/02/international/middleeast/02IRAQ.html|title=Defiant Hussein Rebukes Iraqi Court for Trying Him|last=Burns|first=John F.|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 July 2004|access-date=2 July 2004}}</ref> while ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' uses just ''Saddam''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Saddam-Hussein|title=Saddam Hussein|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=29 May 2023 }}</ref><nowiki> A full discussion can be found in the reference preceding this note.}}</nowiki>}} (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth [[president of Iraq]] from 1979 to 2003. He also served as [[prime minister of Iraq]] from 1979 to 1991 and later from 1994 to 2003. He was a leading member of the revolutionary [[Ba'ath Party|Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party]] and later theits [[Ba'athArab Party (Iraqi-dominated faction)|Baghdad-basedSocialist Ba'ath Party]] and– itsIraq regional organization, the [[Region|Iraqi Ba'athregional Partybranch]], which espoused [[Ba'athism]], a mix of [[Arab nationalism]] and [[Arab socialism]]. He was responsible for numerous human rights abuses including an estimated 250,000 arbitrary deaths and disappearances. Saddam was convicted for [[crimes against humanity]], specifically for the [[Dujail Massacre]] and was sentenced to death by hanging.
 
Saddam was born in the village of [[Al-Awja]], near [[Tikrit]] in northern [[Iraq]], to a peasant [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Arabs|Arab]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095951798 |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Oxford Reference |language=en }}</ref> He joined the [[Ba'ath Party]] in 1957, and later in 1966 the Iraqi and Baghdad-based Ba'ath parties. He played a key role in the [[17 July Revolution]] and was appointed [[vice president of Iraq]] by [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]]. During his time as vice president, Saddam nationalized the [[Iraq Petroleum Company]], diversifying the [[Economy of Iraq|Iraqi economy]]. He presided over the [[Second Iraqi–Kurdish War]] (1974–1975). Following al-Bakr's resignation in 1979, Saddam formally took power, although he had already been the ''de facto'' head of Iraq for several years. Positions of power in the country were mostly filled with [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Arabs]], a minority that made up about a [[Sunni Islam in Iraq|fifth of the population]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karsh |first1=Efraim |title=Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography |last2=Rautsi |first2=Inari |publisher=[[Grove Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8021-3978-8 |page=38 |author-link1=Efraim Karsh}}</ref>
 
Upon taking office, Saddam instituted the [[1979 Ba'ath Party Purge]]. Saddam ordered the [[1980Iraqi invasion of Iran|invasion of Iran]] in 1980 in a purported effort to capture [[Iran]]'s Arab-majority [[KhuzistanKhuzestan province]] and thwart Iranian attempts to [[AftermathThe policy of exporting the IranianIslamic Revolution|export their own 1979 revolution]] to the [[Arab world]], as well as to put an end to Iranian calls for the overthrow of the Sunni-dominated [[Ba'athist Iraq|Ba'athist regime]]. The [[Iran–Iraq War]] ended after nearly eight years in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 598|a ceasefire]] after a grueling stalemate that cost somewhere around a million lives and economic losses of $561 billion in Iraq. At the end of the war, heSaddam carried outordered the brutal [[Anfal campaign]] against [[Kurds|Kurdish]] rebels that sided with Iran, recognized by [[Human Rights Watch]] as an act of [[genocide]]. Later, Saddam accused its ally [[Kuwait]] of [[Directional drilling|slant-drilling]] the [[oil reserves in Iraq|Iraqi oil reserves]] and [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait|occupiedinvaded the country]], initiating the [[Gulf War]] (1990–1991), which saw Iraq defeated by [[Coalition of the Gulf War|a multinational coalition]] led by the [[United States]]. The [[United Nations]] subsequently placed [[International sanctions against Iraq|sanctions against Iraq]]. Saddam suppressed the [[1991 Iraqi uprisings]] of the [[Kurds in Iraq|Kurds]] and [[Shia MuslimsIslam in Iraq|Shias]], which sought to gain independence or overthrow the government. Saddam adopted an [[Anti-Americanism|anti-American]] stance and established the [[Faith Campaign]], pursuing an [[Islamism|Islamist]] agenda in Iraq.
 
In 2003, the United States and [[Multi-National Force – Iraq|its coalition]] of allies [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invaded Iraq]], falsely accusing Saddam of developing [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] and of [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|having ties with al-Qaeda]]. The [[De-Ba'athification|Ba'ath Party was banned]] and Saddam went into hiding. After [[Capture of Saddam Hussein|his capture]] on 13 December 2003, [[trial of Saddam Hussein|his trial]] took place under the [[Iraqi Interim Government]]. On 5 November 2006, Saddam was convicted by the [[Iraqi High Tribunal]] of [[crimes against humanity]] related to the [[Dujail Massacre|1982 killingDujail of 148 Iraqi Shi'asmassacre]] and sentenced to death by [[hanging]]. He [[execution of Saddam Hussein|was executed]] on 30 December 2006.
 
A highly polarizing and controversial figure, Saddam hasdominated beenIraqi politics for three decades and was the accusedsubject of runninga [[cult of personality]]. Many [[Arabs]] regard Saddam as a repressiveresolute leader who challenged [[authoritarianWestern world|Western]] government[[imperialism]], whichopposed severalthe analysts[[Israeli-occupied haveterritories|Israeli occupation of Palestine]], and resisted foreign intervention in the region. Conversely, many Iraqis, particularly Shias and Kurds, perceive him negatively as a [[dictator]] responsible for severe [[authoritarianism]], repression, and numerous injustices. Saddam's government has been described by several analysts as authoritarian and [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], although the applicability of that label has been contested. The politicspolicies and political ideas he pursued wereare collectively known as [[Saddamism]].<!--Do NOT add citations to the lead, except for material likely to be challenged, per [[MOS:LEADCITE]] ([[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section#Citations)]]. Move unneeded citations to the body.-->
 
== Early life and education ==
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{{See also|De-Ba'athification|Leadership analysis#Saddam Hussein}}
[[File:Saddam_Hussein_1980.jpg|left|thumb|Saddam Hussein in 1980]]
Many Arabs praise Saddam as a true leader who stood up to [[Western world|Western]] [[imperialism]], [[Israeli-occupied territories|Israeli occupation of Palestine]], and foreign intervention in the region, while many Iraqis, especially Shias and Kurds, view him negatively as a dictator responsible for brutal authoritarianism, repression and injustices.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |title=The US-led war in Iraq and Saddam’s Arab legacy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/22/hldthe-us-led-invasion-of-iraq-and-saddams-arab-legacy |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>
Saddam is sometimes accused of a repressive totalitarian government.<ref name="Sassoon 2017" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blaydes |first=Lisa |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1104855351 |title=State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4008-9032-3 |oclc=1104855351}}</ref><ref>* {{cite book |last=Makiya |first=Kanan |author-link=Kanan Makiya |title=Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World |date=1993 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-31141-9 |page=19}}▼
 
* {{cite book |last=Bengio |first=Ofra |title=Saddam's Word: The Political Discourse in Iraq |date=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-511439-3}}▼
▲Saddam is sometimes accused of a repressive totalitarian government.<ref name="Sassoon 2017" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Blaydes |first=Lisa |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1104855351 |title=State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4008-9032-3 |oclc=1104855351}}</ref><ref>* {{cite book |last=Makiya |first=Kanan |author-link=Kanan Makiya |title=Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World |date=1993 |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=978-0-393-31141-9 |page=19}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=Kevin M. |last2=Stout |first2=Mark E. |date=16 December 2010 |title=New Sources for the Study of Iraqi Intelligence during the Saddam Era |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2010.537033 |journal=[[Intelligence and National Security]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=547–587 |doi=10.1080/02684527.2010.537033 |s2cid=153605621 |access-date=11 March 2022}}▼
▲* {{cite book |last=Bengio |first=Ofra |title=Saddam's Word: The Political Discourse in Iraq |date=1998 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-511439-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Aaron M. |title=The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism |date=15 November 2015 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-1-4773-0557-7}}</ref> His regime was notorious for its repressive tactics, including [[Surveillance|widespread surveillance]], [[torture]], and [[extrajudicial killings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Complex Legacy of Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-complex-legacy-of-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref name="politicalscience.stanford.edu">{{Cite web |title=State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein {{!}} Political Science |url=https://politicalscience.stanford.edu/publications/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=politicalscience.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> [[Human rights organizations]] documented numerous cases of human rights abuses committed by his government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Hayder Al-Shakeri,Alfadhel |title=The long shadow of Saddam's dictatorship in Iraq |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/4/16/the-long-shadow-of-saddams-dictatorship-in-iraq |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Saddam's regime suppressed political dissent and opposition through a combination of violence, intimidation, and censorship.<ref name="politicalscience.stanford.edu"/> Freedom of speech and freedom of the press were severely curtailed, and political opponents were often executed or imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waterbury |first=John |date=16 October 2018 |title=State of Repression: Iraq Under Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2018-10-16/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |volume=97 |issue=6 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Saddam initiated several military conflicts, including the [[Iran-Iraq War]], [[Invasion of Kuwait]] and the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=The Gulf War {{!}} Miller Center |url=https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/gulf-war |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=millercenter.org |language=en}}</ref> These actions resulted in significant loss of life and destabilized the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelidar |first=Abbas |date=1 October 1992 |title=The wars of Saddam Hussein |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209208700928 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=778–798 |doi=10.1080/00263209208700928 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> While there were economic development initiatives, Saddam's regime was also marked by mismanagement and widespread corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption is the forgotten legacy of the Iraq invasion |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/corruption-is-the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-iraq-invasion/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[International sanctions against Iraq|economic sanctions imposed on Iraq]] during his rule further exacerbated economic hardships for the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Why sanctions fell short of their objectives in the First Gulf War |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/economichistory/2023/01/05/why-sanctions-fell-short-of-their-objectives-in-the-first-gulf-war/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Economic History}}</ref>▼
▲* {{cite journal |last1=Woods |first1=Kevin M. |last2=Stout |first2=Mark E. |date=16 December 2010 |title=New Sources for the Study of Iraqi Intelligence during the Saddam Era |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02684527.2010.537033 |journal=[[Intelligence and National Security]] |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=547–587 |doi=10.1080/02684527.2010.537033 |s2cid=153605621 |access-date=11 March 2022}}
▲* {{cite book |last=Faust |first=Aaron M. |title=The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism |date=15 November 2015 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-1-4773-0557-7}}</ref> His regime was notorious for its repressive tactics, including [[Surveillance|widespread surveillance]], [[torture]], and [[extrajudicial killings]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Complex Legacy of Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/the-complex-legacy-of-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Imperial War Museums |language=en}}</ref><ref name="politicalscience.stanford.edu">{{Cite web |title=State of Repression: Iraq under Saddam Hussein {{!}} Political Science |url=https://politicalscience.stanford.edu/publications/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=politicalscience.stanford.edu |language=en}}</ref> [[Human rights organizations]] documented numerous cases of human rights abuses committed by his government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Hayder Al-Shakeri,Alfadhel |title=The long shadow of Saddam's dictatorship in Iraq |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/4/16/the-long-shadow-of-saddams-dictatorship-in-iraq |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Saddam's regime suppressed political dissent and opposition through a combination of violence, intimidation, and censorship.<ref name="politicalscience.stanford.edu" /> Freedom of speech and freedom of the press were severely curtailed, and political opponents were often executed or imprisoned.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waterbury |first=John |date=16 October 2018 |title=State of Repression: Iraq Under Saddam Hussein |url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/reviews/capsule-review/2018-10-16/state-repression-iraq-under-saddam-hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=Foreign Affairs |language=en-US |volume=97 |issue=6 |issn=0015-7120}}</ref> Saddam initiated several military conflicts, including the [[Iran-Iraq War]], [[Invasion of Kuwait]] and the [[Gulf War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2020 |title=The Gulf War {{!}} Miller Center |url=https://millercenter.org/statecraftmovie/gulf-war |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=millercenter.org |language=en}}</ref> These actions resulted in significant loss of life and destabilized the region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kelidar |first=Abbas |date=1 October 1992 |title=The wars of Saddam Hussein |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00263209208700928 |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=778–798 |doi=10.1080/00263209208700928 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> While there were economic development initiatives, Saddam's regime was also marked by mismanagement and widespread corruption.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corruption is the forgotten legacy of the Iraq invasion |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/corruption-is-the-forgotten-legacy-of-the-iraq-invasion/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[International sanctions against Iraq|economic sanctions imposed on Iraq]] during his rule further exacerbated economic hardships for the country's population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2023 |title=Why sanctions fell short of their objectives in the First Gulf War |url=https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/economichistory/2023/01/05/why-sanctions-fell-short-of-their-objectives-in-the-first-gulf-war/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Economic History}}</ref>
 
During his rule, he implemented various policies and initiatives that some people viewed as beneficial for Iraq and the broader [[Middle Eastern Regions|Middle Eastern region]]. Iraq during Saddam was developed in terms of education and Saddam Hussein's government invested heavily in infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, and public buildings.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 1999 |title=Saddam Hussein's Iraq – Iraq {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/saddam-husseins-iraq |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iraq – Dictatorship, Invasion, Sanctions {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iraq/Iraq-under-Saddam-Hussein |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> This development contributed to the modernization of Iraq's cities and improved the country's overall infrastructure.<ref name="Ibrahim">{{Cite web |last=Ibrahim |first=Arwa |title=The US-led war in Iraq and Saddam's Arab legacy |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/22/hldthe-us-led-invasion-of-iraq-and-saddams-arab-legacy |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Under Saddam Hussein's regime, there was an emphasis on improving access to education and healthcare.<ref name="Ibrahim" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 December 2023 |title=Iraqis Must Learn to Read and Write – Or Else! |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1979/09/27/iraqis-must-learn-to-read-and-write-or-else/3a9d04c9-3894-4724-965e-ff60c3dffefb/ |access-date=16 March 2024 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2003 |title=A new history of Iraq |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/nov/25/schools.schoolsworldwide |access-date=16 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The government invested in building schools and hospitals, and literacy rates in Iraq increased significantly during his rule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=From 0% to 20% illiteracy — an Iraqi feat |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/355341 |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2016 |title=Empty classrooms and black market textbooks – Iraq {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/empty-classrooms-and-black-market-textbooks |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Arab |first=The New |date=13 April 2022 |title=The Iraq Report: Baghdad struggles to rise again |url=https://www.newarab.com/analysis/iraq-report-baghdad-struggles-rise-again |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=www.newarab.com/ |language=en}}</ref> Saddam Hussein's government implemented policies aimed at advancing women's rights in Iraq.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2015 |title=IRAQ: Was Life for Iraqi Women Better Under Saddam? |url=https://www.peacewomen.org/content/iraq-was-life-iraqi-women-better-under-saddam |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=PeaceWomen |language=en}}</ref> Women were encouraged to participate in education and the workforce, and many held high-ranking positions in government and public institutions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casualties of War: Iraqi Women's Rights and Reality Then and Now |url=https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/events/casualties-war-iraqi-womens-rights-and-reality-then-and-now |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=www.opensocietyfoundations.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2006 |title=The New Humanitarian {{!}} Women were more respected under Saddam, say women's groups |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/report/26289/iraq-women-were-more-respected-under-saddam-say-women%E2%80%99s-groups |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=www.thenewhumanitarian.org |language=en}}</ref> Saddam Hussein's regime had a secular character, which meant that religion did not play a dominant role in the government's policies. This allowed for a degree of religious diversity and tolerance within Iraq. Still today, many Iraqi Jews respect Saddam, for his treatment of Jews.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web |title=Baghdad Jews: Exodus or extinction? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2003/10/19/baghdad-jews-exodus-or-extinction |access-date=16 March 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> This was also seen for the Iraqi Mandaeans, with many Iraqi Mandaeans holding strong-respect for Saddam's protection of the Mandaeans; Saddam even constructed temples for the Mandaean people.<ref>[https://indypendent.org/2019/11/by-the-rivers-of-babylon-these-iraqi-gnostics-hold-water-sacred-jordanian-authorities-wont-let-them-worship/ "These Iraqi Gnostics Hold Water Sacred. Jordanian Authorities Won’t Let Them Near a River."] Retrieved May 2024.</ref><ref>"[https://www.mandaeanunion.com/mhrg/item/510-the-plight-of-iraq-s-mandeans The Plight of Iraq's Mandeans – Mandaean Associations Union – اتحاد الجمعيات المندائية"] mandaeanunion.com Retrieved May 2024.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011659/http://www.hrwf.net/religiousfreedom/news/iraq2001.html#SaddampraisesSabaeans "Saddam pledges to construct temples for the Mandaean peoples"] HRWF Retrieved May 2024.</ref> Saddam's regime later placed greater emphasis on Islam in all sectors of Iraqi life from 1993 through the [[Faith Campaign]]. In 1977, Saddam stated "[[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region|our Party]] does not take a neutral stance between faith and atheism; it is always on the side of faith."<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Legacy Of Saddam's Islam |url=https://www.hoover.org/research/legacy-saddams-islam |access-date=24 March 2024 |website=Hoover Institution |language=en}}</ref>
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