Egypt (Arabic : مصر Miṣr [mesˁr] , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mɑsˤr] ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia . It is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north , the Gaza Strip of Palestine and Israel to the northeast , the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . The Gulf of Aqaba in the northeast separates Egypt from Jordan and Saudi Arabia . Cairo is the capital and largest city of Egypt , while Alexandria , the second-largest city, is an important industrial and tourist hub at the Mediterranean coast . At approximately 100 million inhabitants, Egypt is the 14th-most populated country in the world , and the third-most populated in Africa.
Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country, tracing its heritage along the Nile Delta back to the 6th–4th millennia BCE. Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, organised religion and central government. Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , later adopting Islam from the seventh century onwards. Cairo became the capital of the Fatimid Caliphate in the tenth century, and of the Mamluk Sultanate in the 13th century. Egypt then became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1517, before its local ruler Muhammad Ali established modern Egypt as an autonomous Khedivate in 1867. The country was then occupied by the British Empire and gained independence in 1922 as a monarchy . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt declared itself a republic , and in 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic , which was dissolved in 1961. Egypt fought several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948 , 1956 , 1967 and 1973 , and occupied the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967. In 1978, Egypt signed the Camp David Accords , which recognised Israel in exchange for its withdrawal from the Sinai. After the Arab Spring , which led to the 2011 Egyptian revolution and overthrow of Hosni Mubarak , the country faced a protracted period of political unrest ; this included the election in 2012 of a brief, short-lived Muslim Brotherhood -aligned Islamist government spearheaded by Mohamed Morsi , and its subsequent overthrow after mass protests in 2013 .
Egypt is considered to be a regional power in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world , and a middle power worldwide. It is a developing country having a diversified economy, which is the largest in Africa , the 38th-largest economy by nominal GDP and 127th by nominal GDP per capita. Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations , the Non-Aligned Movement , the Arab League , the African Union , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , World Youth Forum , and a member of BRICS . (Full article... )
Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 581 (P. Oxy. 581 or P. Oxy. III 581) is a papyrus fragment written in Ancient Greek , apparently recording the sale of a slave girl. Dating from 29 August 99 AD , P. Oxy. 581 was discovered, alongside hundreds of other papyri , by Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt while excavating an ancient landfill at Oxyrhynchus in modern Egypt . The document's contents were published by the Egypt Exploration Fund in 1898, which also secured its donation to University College, Dundee, later the University of Dundee , in 1903 – where it still resides. Measuring 6.3 x 14.7 cm and consisting of 17 lines of text, the artifact represents the conclusion of a longer record, although the beginning of the papyrus was lost before it was found. P. Oxy. 581 has received a modest amount of scholarly attention, most recently and completely in a 2009 translation by classicist Amin Benaissa of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford .
The fragment probably documents the registration of a
slaving sale with Oxyrhynchus'
agoranomeion , a
Roman civic institution involved with
record-keeping and the supervision of
taxation . P. Oxy. 581 mentions four individuals; the slave herself, likely an eight year-old female; the unnamed purchaser, for whom the transaction is being registered; Demas, brother of the purchaser as well as the slave's previous owner and Caecilius Clemens, an unspecified
notary also connected to four other Oxyrhynchus Papyri dating from 86 AD–
c. 100 AD. An "inadvertent scribal omission", whereby the stated value of 3,000
bronze drachmas , a largely obsolete currency, was not converted into its equivalent worth in
silver , is regarded as an unusual mistake and has served to distinguish the record. (
Full article... )
List of selected articles
The following are images from various Egypt-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1 The Ptolemaic Queen
Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar,
Caesarion , at the
Temple of Dendera (from
Egypt )
Image 2 The
Eastern Imperial Eagle is the national animal of Egypt. (from
Egypt )
Image 3 A crowd at Cairo Stadium watching the
Egypt national football team (from
Egypt )
Image 4 The pharaoh was usually depicted wearing symbols of royalty and power. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 5 Soad Hosny , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 6 Tourists riding an
Arabian camel in front of
Pyramid of Khafre . The
Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt's main tourist attractions. (from
Egypt )
Image 7 Egyptians celebrated feasts and festivals, accompanied by music and dance. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 9 The
Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the
ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence. (from
Egypt )
Image 10 Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the
Yom Kippur War , 1973 (from
Egypt )
Image 11 Khafre enthroned (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 12 The
Amr ibn al-As mosque in Cairo, recognised as the oldest in Africa (from
Egypt )
Image 13 The
pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 14 Smart Village , a business district established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high-tech businesses (from
Egypt )
Image 15 Hatshepsut's trading expedition to the
Land of Punt (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 16 Hosni Mubarak — president of Egypt from 1981 to 2011 (from
Egypt )
Image 17 Menna and Family Hunting in the Marshes, Tomb of Menna,
c. 1400 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 18 Model of a household porch and garden,
c. 1981–1975 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 20 Muhammad Ali was the founder of the
Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first
Khedive of Egypt and
Sudan . (from
Egypt )
Image 21 The
Qattara Depression in Egypt's north west (from
Egypt )
Image 22 Tutankhamun's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the
Egyptian Museum of Cairo. (from
Egypt )
Image 23 Tanoura dancers performing in Wekalet El Ghoury, Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 24 Egyptian President
Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura, 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 25 Protesters from the Third Square movement, which supported neither the former Morsi government nor the Armed Forces, 31 July 2013 (from
Egypt )
Image 26 Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic-language writer to win the
Nobel Prize in Literature (from
Egypt )
Image 27 Lower-class occupations (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 29 The preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu is a model of Egyptian architecture. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 30 The
Suez Canal (from
Egypt )
Image 31 Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics (from
Egypt )
Image 32 Seagoing ship of an expedition to Punt, from a relief of
Hatshepsut's Mortuary temple , Deir el-Bahari (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 34 Ruins of Deir el-Medina (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 35 Painted limestone relief of a noble member of Ancient Egyptian society during the New Kingdom (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 36 Sennedjem plows his fields in
Aaru with a pair of oxen,
Deir el-Medina . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 37 Egyptian
tomb models as funerary goods (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 38 Prominent Egyptian dissident
Alaa Abd El-Fattah was sentenced to five years of imprisonment in December 2021. (from
Egypt )
Image 39 Cairo grew into a
metropolitan area with a population of over 20 million. (from
Egypt )
Image 40 Pharaohs' tombs were provided with vast quantities of wealth, such as the
golden mask from the mummy of Tutankhamun . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 41 British infantry near
El Alamein , 17 July 1942 (from
Egypt )
Image 42 President el-Sisi with US President
Joe Biden , 11 November 2022 (from
Egypt )
Image 43 Change in per capita GDP of Egypt, 1820–2018. Figures are inflation-adjusted to 2011 International dollars. (from
Egypt )
Image 44 Napoleon defeated the
Mamluk troops in the
Battle of the Pyramids , 21 July 1798, painted by
Lejeune . (from
Egypt )
Image 46 The
Book of the Dead was a guide to the deceased's journey in the afterlife. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 47 The halls of Karnak Temple are built with rows of large columns. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 48 Statues of two pharaohs of Egypt's
Twenty-Fifth Dynasty and several other
Kushite kings,
Kerma Museum (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 51 Illustration of various types of capitals, by
Karl Richard Lepsius (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 52 Female nationalists demonstrating in
Cairo , 1919 (from
Egypt )
Image 53 The
Al-Hakim Mosque in Cairo, of
Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth caliph, as renovated by
Dawoodi Bohra (from
Egypt )
Image 54 The well preserved Temple of Isis from
Philae is an example of
Egyptian architecture and
architectural sculpture . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 55 Al-Azhar Park is listed as one of the world's sixty great public spaces by the
Project for Public Spaces . (from
Egypt )
Image 56 Glassmaking was a highly developed art. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 57 The
Temple of Dendur , completed by 10 BC,
Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 59 Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty (from
Egypt )
Image 60 Egyptian honour guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen (from
Egypt )
Image 61 Hunting game birds and plowing a field, tomb of
Nefermaat and his wife
Itet (
c. 2700 BC ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 62 The Weighing of the Heart from the
Book of the Dead of Ani (from
Egypt )
Image 63 Egypt's topography (from
Egypt )
Image 64 Smoke rises from oil tanks beside the
Suez Canal hit during the initial
Anglo-French assault on Egypt, 5 November 1956. (from
Egypt )
Image 65 The High Court of Justice in
Downtown Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 66 Measuring and recording the harvest, from the tomb of
Menna at
Thebes (Eighteenth Dynasty) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 67 Egypt is the eighth most water stressed country in the world. (from
Egypt )
Image 69 The Cairo Metro (line 2) (from
Egypt )
Image 70 Wooden figures of soldiers, from the tomb of nomarch
Mesehti (
11th dynasty ) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 71 Coffin of Khnumnakht in 12th dynasty style, with palace facade, columns of inscriptions, and two Wedjat eyes (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 73 A tomb relief depicts workers plowing the fields, harvesting the crops, and threshing the grain under the direction of an overseer, painting in the tomb of
Nakht . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 74 Rectangular fishpond with ducks and
lotus planted round with date palms and fruit trees,
Tomb of Nebamun , Thebes, 18th Dynasty (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 75 Ancient Egyptians playing music (from
Egypt )
Image 76 Women in Cairo wear face masks during the
COVID-19 pandemic in Egypt in March 2020. (from
Egypt )
Image 77 A typical
Naqada II jar decorated with gazelles (Predynastic Period) (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 78 Anubis , the god associated with mummification and burial rituals, attending to a mummy (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 80 The
Edwin Smith surgical papyrus describes anatomy and medical treatments, written in
hieratic ,
c. 1550 BC . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 81 Egypt's population density (people per km
2 ) (from
Egypt )
Image 82 Frontispiece of
Description de l'Égypte , published in 38 volumes between 1809 and 1829 (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 83 Arabic calligraphy has seen its golden age in
Cairo . This adornment and beads being sold in
Muizz Street (from
Culture of Egypt )
Image 84 Early tomb painting from
Nekhen ,
c. 3500 BC , Naqada, possibly Gerzeh culture (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 86 Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta (from
Egypt )
Image 87 Hieroglyphs on stela in
Louvre ,
c. 1321 BC (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 88 Kushari , one of Egypt's national dishes (from
Egypt )
Image 90 The gods
Osiris ,
Anubis , and
Horus in the tomb of Horemheb (
KV57 ) in the Valley of the Kings (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 91 Salah Zulfikar , film star (from
Egypt )
Image 92 Temple of Derr ruins in 1960 (from
Egypt )
Image 93 A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt, most probably
Amenemhat II or
Senwosret II . It functioned as a divine guardian for the
imiut ; the divine kilt, suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 94 The
Fayum mummy portraits epitomize the meeting of Egyptian and Roman cultures. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 95 An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field (from
Egypt )
Image 98 The
Egyptian Museum of Cairo (from
Egypt )
Image 99 The "weighing of the heart" scene from the
Book of the Dead (from
Egypt )
Image 100 The
Narmer Palette depicts the unification of the Two Lands. (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 101 Tutankhamun charging enemies on his
chariot , 18th dynasty (from
Ancient Egypt )
Image 102 Four colossal statues of
Ramesses II flank the entrance of his temple
Abu Simbel . (from
Ancient Egypt )
Mohamed Salah Hamed Mahrous Ghaly (Arabic : محمد صلاح حامد محروس غالي , Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħam.mæd sˤɑˈlɑːħ ˈɣæːli] ; born 15 June 1992), known as Mohamed Salah or Mo Salah , is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays as a right winger or forward for Premier League club Liverpool and captains the Egypt national team . Regarded as one of the best players of his generation and among the greatest African players of all time, he is known for his clinical finishing, dribbling and speed.
Salah started his senior career in 2010 playing for
Al Mokawloon Al Arab , departing in 2012 to join
Basel , where he won two
Swiss Super League titles. In 2014, Salah joined
Chelsea for a reported fee of £11 million, but limited gametime led to successive
loans to
Fiorentina and
Roma , who later signed him permanently for €15 million. In the
2016–17 season , Salah was a key figure in Roma's unsuccessful title bid, reaching double figures in both goals and assists. In 2017, Salah was transferred to Liverpool for £36.9 million, a club record at the time. In his
first season , he set the record for most Premier League goals scored (32) in a 38-game season and helped Liverpool to the
2018 UEFA Champions League final . Having formed a formidable attacking trio with
Roberto Firmino and
Sadio Mané after the departure of
Philippe Coutinho , Salah went on to be an integral player in the club's
Champions League and
Premier League title successes in the following two seasons, and has since also won the
FA Cup ,
EFL Cup and
FA Community Shield . Salah has achieved numerous individual accolades, including two
PFA Players' Player of the Year awards, three
Premier League Golden Boots , the
Premier League Player of the Season , the
Premier League Playmaker of the Season , finished third for the
Best FIFA Men's Player in
2018 and
2021 , and finished fifth in the
2019 and
2022 FIFA Ballon d'Or . He received the
2018 FIFA Puskás Award for his winning strike in the first
Merseyside derby of the
2017–18 season. In 2023, Salah became Liverpool's top Premier League goalscorer, and became the fifth player to score 200 goals for the club. (
Full article... )
List of selected biographies
Religions in Egypt
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