Christianity is a minority religion in Muslim-majority Somalia. According to a report by the Somali Bible Society in 2023, there is estimated population of 178,869 Christian practitioners in Somalia.[1]
Most modern-day Christian adherents come from the Bantu ethnic minority group,[2] or are descended from Italian colonists and belong to the Swedish Evangelical Mission, Roman Catholic Church, and Church of the Nazarene. There is one Catholic diocese for the entire country, the Diocese of Mogadishu.
Orthodox Christianity came to coastal areas of the Somalia in early 2nd and 3rd century, by way of the Ethiopian expansion of East Africa.[3] Modern day, there are at least some known local Christians in the nation and the self-proclaimed nation of Somaliland in the north.[4][5]
History
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Due to the proximity of Somalis to the Axumite and Southern Arabian Cultures, early Christianity and Judaism was professed by some in the region of Somalia as can be seen by inscriptions, gravesites with stone crosses, and codices in the Geʽez script.[6][7] However, the advent of Islam in the region saw an end to Christianity, not making a return until Italian colonization.
In 1903, the first Christian missionaries under the Trinitarian Fathers arrived in Somalia. According to Listowel, they started by providing education and assistance to the poor and sick in the country, with Fr. Jelib founding a leper colony at the mouth of the Jubba River, housing between 350 and 400 afflicted.[citation needed] Still however at the time of publishing of the Catholic Encyclopedia in 1913, there were virtually no Christians observed in the Somali territories, outside of the around 100–200 followers which existed in the schools and orphanages across the few Catholic missions run by the English, French, and Italians.[8] No Catholic missions are known to have existed in Italian Somaliland during the same period.[9]
In 1928, a Catholic cathedral was built in Mogadishu by order of Cesare Maria De Vecchi, a Catholic governor of "Somalia italiana" who promoted the "Missionari della Consolata" Christianization of Somali people.[10] The cathedral, the biggest in Africa in the 1920s and 1930s, was later damaged during the civil war that began in the 1980s.
The Bishop of Mogadishu, Venanzio Francesco Filippini, OFM, declared in 1940 that there were about 40,000 Somali Catholics due to the work of missionaries in the rural regions of Juba and Shebelle, but World War II damaged in an irreversible way most of the Catholic missions in Italian Somalia.[11] Most were Somali Bantu,[12] but some thousands were illegitimate sons of Italian soldiers and Somalian girls (who received Italian citizenship when baptized).[citation needed]
The Bible was first translated into Somali only in 1979.[13]
The Diocese of Mogadishu estimates that there were about 100 official Roman Catholic practitioners in Somalia in 2004. This was down from a high of 8,500 adherents at the start of the trusteeship period in 1950, under the Prefecture Apostolic of Benadir of the Vicariate Apostolic of Mogadiscio.[14]
According to the 2023 Somali Bible Society Census, most professing Somali Christians identify themselves as Swedish Lutherans, Roman Catholics, Nazarenes and a consortium of independent groups.[15] Somalia is included in the Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa of the Anglican Diocese of Egypt, though there are no current local congregations.[16] The Adventist Mission indicates that there are no Adventist members in Somalia, and that Christianity in general has seen little growth there.[17]
Persecution
editDue to the ongoing civil war in the southern part of the country, professing Christians in Somalia have faced persecution and sometimes death. Somalia is number three on Open Doors’ 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution.[18] Apart from Mogadishu Cathedral (which is no longer used for Christian services, although in 2013 plans to repair it were announced by the Diocese of Mogadiscio), there are no church buildings in the country. Nor is there any legal protection for Christians, some of whom meet in underground churches.
Paramilitary groups in Somalia have also engaged in widespread looting of Christian graves,[19] in addition to the desecration of Sufi Muslim graves and mosques.[20] Sometimes the term "Christian" was a label that the jihadists would affix on people they suspected of working for Ethiopian intelligence.[1]
In August 2009, International Christian Concern reported that four Christians working to help orphans in Somalia were beheaded by Islamist extremists when they refused to convert to Islam.[21]
In December 2013, the Ministry of Justice and Religious Affairs released a directive prohibiting the celebration of Christian festivities in the country.[22]
In 2023, the country was scored zero out of 4 for religious freedom.[23] In the same year, the country was ranked as the second worst place in the world to be a Christian, just behind North Korea.[24]
See also
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Notes
edit- ^ a b "Somali Christian Census, 2023: Bureau of Statistics, Somali Bible Society" (PDF). December 20, 2023. pp. 49–61. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
- ^ "A study on minorities in Somalia". Archived from the original on 2009-05-12. Retrieved 2010-05-27.
- ^ Aweis A Ali (May 2021). "A Brief History of Christianity in the Somali Peninsula" – via ResearchGate.
- ^ "Somaliland: Apostate Couple Accused of Spreading Christianity" Released and Deported to Somalia". Somaliland Sun. 21 November 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ "Somaliland Christians released after offences-against-Islam charges dismissed". Somaliland Sun. 6 August 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2024.
- ^ Mire, Sada (14 April 2015). "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire" (PDF). Springer Science+Business Media. doi:10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9. S2CID 162067194. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ Ali, Aweis A. (June 2021). "A Brief History of Christianity in the Somali Peninsula". Somali Bible Society Journal. 2 (1). ISSN 4562-3988. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ Herbermann, Charles George (1913). "The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church". Catholic Encyclopedia. 14. Robert Appleton Company: 139. Retrieved 15 June 2024.
- ^ Charles Henry Robinson, History of Christian Missions, (Read Books: 2007), p. 356.
- ^ The Catholic missionaries of "Consolata" promoted by governor De Vecchi (in Italian)
- ^ Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. p. 66
- ^ Photo of Somali Bantu with a Missionary of the "Consolata" in 1937
- ^ "Version Information". Bible Gateway. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ "Catholic Church in Somalia". Diocese of Mogadishu. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ Somali Christian Census, 2023 Bureau of Statistics, Somali Bible Society, 2023, 49-52.
- ^ "The Episcopal Area of the Horn of Africa". Archived from the original on 2019-06-25. Retrieved 2013-08-17.
- ^ "Global Mission's Top 10 Places to Pray for - Region: North Africa - Somalia". Adventist Mission. Archived from the original on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 7 April 2015.
- ^ "Somalia is number 3 on the World Watch List".
- ^ "Widspread [sic] desecration of Christian graves in Somalia". Catholic World News. Trinity Publications. January 19, 2005. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ^ Sheikh, Abdi (October 19, 2009). "Shabaab rebels destroy grave and mosque in Somalia". Reuters. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ^ "Al Shabaab Reportedly Beheads many Christians, Rips Gold Teeth From Locals' Mouths". FOX News. August 12, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
- ^ Khalif, Abdulkadir (25 December 2013). "Somalia bans Christmas celebrations". Daily Nation. Archived from the original on 11 December 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
- ^ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
- ^ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08