Money was historically an emergent market phenomenon that possessed intrinsic value as a commodity; nearly all contemporary money systems are based on unbacked fiat money without use value. Its value is consequently derived by social convention, having been declared by a government or regulatory entity to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for "all debts, public and private", in the case of the United States dollar.
Dynamic Intelligent Currency Encryption (DICE) is a technological concept proposed to enhance the security of paper currency. It aims to track and monitor banknotes in circulation by utilizing identifiable characteristics, allowing for the remote devaluation of banknotes implicated in fraudulent activities or criminal transactions. Developed in 2014 by the British-Austrian technology company EDAQS, DICE introduces a security system wherein banknotes are equipped with Machine Readable Codes (MRC) or Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. These banknotes are then registered to a centralized system, purportedly rendering them secure and resistant to forgery.
One of the primary objectives of DICE is to engage the entire banking and retail sector in a system where cash circulation is passively monitored and controlled. Furthermore, DICE aims to provide an alternative to the complete abolition of physical currency. It proposes to offer the advantages of a cashless economy, such as reduced instances of cash-related crimes, without eliminating cash entirely. (Full article...)
The coin was named after the English gold sovereign, which was last minted about 1603, and originated as part of the Great Recoinage of 1816. Many in Parliament believed a one-pound coin should be issued rather than the 21-shilling guinea that was struck until that time. The Master of the Mint, William Wellesley Pole had Pistrucci design the new coin; his depiction was also used for other gold coins. Originally, the coin was unpopular because the public preferred the convenience of banknotes but paper currency of value £1 was soon limited by law. With that competition gone, the sovereign became a popular circulating coin, and was used in international trade and overseas, being trusted as a coin containing a known quantity of gold. (Full article...)
... that two hagiographic documents about St. Hunegund of France publicized Hunegund's miracles to create a sense of identity in Homblières and to raise money for the monastery?
The following are images from various currency-related articles on Wikipedia.
Image 1A person counts a bundle of different Swedish banknotes. (from Money)
Image 2A 640 BC one-third staterelectrum coin from Lydia. According to Herodotus, the Lydians were the first people to introduce the use of gold and silver coins. It is thought by modern scholars that these first stamped coins were minted around 650 to 600 BC. (from Money)
Image 3Tibetan undated silver tangka (2nd half of 18th century) with eight times the syllable "dza" in vartula script,obverse (from Tibetan tangka)
Image 4Tibetan kong par tangka, dated 13-45 (= AD 1791),obverse (from Tibetan tangka)
Image 5Sino Tibetan silver tangka, dated 58th year of Qian Long era, reverse. Weight 5.57 g. Diameter: 30 mm (from Tibetan tangka)
Image 19Athens coin (c. 500/490-485 BC) discovered in Pushkalavati. This coin is the earliest known example of its type to be found so far east. (from Punch-marked coins)
Image 20Tibetan silver tangka with Ranjana (Lantsa) script, dated 15-28 (= AD 1894), obverse (from Tibetan tangka)
Image 21Song Dynasty Jiaozi, the world's earliest paper money (from Money)
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