Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

The Mariana and Palau Islands campaign, also known as Campaign Plan Granite II, was an offensive launched by United States forces against Imperial Japanese forces in the Pacific Ocean between June and November 1944 during the Pacific War.[1] The campaign consisted of Operation Forager, which captured the Mariana Islands, and Operation Statemate, which captured Palau. Operation Causeway, the invasion of Taiwan was also planned but not executed.[2] The offensive, under the overall command of Chester W. Nimitz, followed the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign and was intended to neutralize Japanese bases in the central Pacific, support the Allied drive to retake the Philippines, and provide bases for a strategic bombing campaign against Japan.

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II

A U.S. LVT loaded with Marines approaches Tinian during the U.S. landings on that island.
DateJune – November 1944
Location
Result American victory
Belligerents
 United States  Japan
Commanders and leaders
Strength
128,000
600+ ships
71,000
Casualties and losses
8,125 killed and missing 67,000+ killed
Granite II (Mariana and Palau Islands campaign)
  Operation Forager
  Operation Stalemate
  Operation Causeway (cancelled)

The United States invasion force was supported by a massive combat force. The Fifth Fleet was commanded by Admiral Raymond A. Spruance. Task Force 58, commanded by Vice Admiral Marc Mitscher, consisted of 15 carriers, 7 battleships, 11 cruisers, 86 destroyers and over 900 planes. The invasion force, commanded by Vice Admiral Richmond K. Turner, consisted of 56 attack transports, 84 landing craft and over 127,000 troops.[3]

Beginning the offensive, United States Marine Corps and United States Army forces, with support from the United States Navy, executed landings on Saipan in June 1944. In response, the Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet sortied to attack the U.S. Navy fleet supporting the landings. In the resulting aircraft carrier Battle of the Philippine Sea (the so-called "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot") on 19–20 June, the Japanese naval forces were decisively defeated with heavy and irreplaceable losses to their carrier-borne and land-based aircraft.

U.S. forces executed landings on Saipan in June 1944 and Guam and Tinian in July 1944. After heavy fighting, Saipan was secured in July and Guam and Tinian in August 1944. The U.S. then constructed airfields on Saipan and Tinian where B-29s were based to conduct strategic bombing missions against the Japanese home islands until the end of World War II, including the nuclear attacks on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

In the meantime, in order to secure the flank for U.S. forces preparing to attack Japanese forces in the Philippines, in September 1944, U.S. Marine and Army forces landed on the islands of Peleliu and Angaur in Palau. After heavy and intense combat on Peleliu and Angaur, both islands were finally secured by U.S. forces in November 1944, while the main Japanese garrison in the Palaus on Koror was passed by altogether, only to surrender in August 1945 with the Empire’s capitulation.

Following their landings in the Mariana and Palau Islands, Allied forces continued their ultimately successful campaign against Japan by landing in the Philippines in October 1944 and the Volcano and Ryukyu Islands beginning in January 1945.

Operations

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Liberation: Marines in the Recapture of Guam (Operation in Forager)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
  2. ^ Operation Granite II 1944, pp. 10–23.
  3. ^ The Great Courses. World War II: The Pacific Theater.  Lecture 14.  Professor Craig Symonds

Bibliography

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Books

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Reports

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  • Headquarters of the Commander in Chief of the United States Pacific Fleet and Pacific Ocean Area (1944). Campaign Plan Granite II (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2024.
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