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Jambi Malay

Jambi Malay (baso Jambi, Jawi: بهاس ملايو جمبي), is a Malayic language spoken by the Jambi Malay people in Jambi, Indonesia. The Jambi Malay language is a dialect of the Malay language spoken primarily in Jambi, but it is also used in the southern part of Riau and the northern part of South Sumatra.[2] In Jambi, the Jambi Malay language has eight dialects, including the East Tanjung Jabung dialect, Jambi City dialect, Muaro Jambi dialect, Batanghari dialect, Tebo dialect, Bungo dialect, Sarolangun dialect, and Merangin dialect. The Jambi Malay language is used as a lingua franca and for interaction among the various ethnic groups in Jambi. The differences between each dialect in the Jambi Malay language range from about 51 to 80 percent.[3]

Jambi Malay
Baso Jambi
بهاس ملايو جمبي
Native toIndonesia (Jambi)
RegionSumatra
EthnicityJambi Malay, Batin, etc.
Native speakers
1 million (2000 census)[1]
Dialects
  • East Tanjung Jabung
  • Jambi City
  • Muaro Jambi
  • Batanghari
  • Tebo
  • Bungo
  • Sarolangun
  • Marangin
Latin (Indonesian alphabet)
Jawi
Language codes
ISO 639-3jax
Glottologjamb1236
The region where the Jambi Malay language is predominantly spoken includes the entire eastern part of Jambi, part of the city of Sungai Penuh in western Jambi, and part of the Kerinci Regency.
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Historically, the people of Jambi are part of the Malay world. This can be seen from archaeological and historical research findings, such as the discovery of charters and inscriptions like the Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions, which use the structure of the Malay language, commonly referred to as Old Malay. The Karang Berahi and Kedukan Bukit inscriptions were found in the upper reaches of Jambi, located on the banks of the Marangin River, a tributary of the Batang Hari River.[4] Between the 17th century and the 19th century, Jambi was part of the Malay Sultanate of Jambi, which also encompasses parts of Riau and South Sumatra.[5] Due to influences from Javanese culture and cordial relations between the Jambi Sultanate and the Mataram Sultanate in the past, the Jambi Malay language has absorbed significant loanwords from Javanese.[5][6]

Classification

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It is closely related to Palembang Malay in neighboring South Sumatra, Riau Malay in Riau Province and the surrounding islands, and Bengkulu Malay in Bengkulu Province.

Phonology

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There are 25 native phonemes in Jambi Malay. These native phonemes consist of 19 consonants and 6 vowels.

Consonants

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Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p  b t  d t͡ɕ  d͡ʑ k  ɡ ʔ
Fricative s ʁ h
Approximant w l j
Trill (r)

Notes

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  • /p/, /t/ and /h/ are unreleased and become [p̚], [t̚] and [h̚] and /k/ becomes a glottal stop [ʔ] in the syllable-final position.
  • /k/ and /ɡ/ become palatal [c] and [ɟ] and /h/ become velar [x] when they appear before the phoneme /i/.
  • /ʁ/ is pronounced as trill [r] at the end of a word.

Vowels

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Front Central Back
High i u
Mid e ə o
Low a

References

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  1. ^ Jambi Malay at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Wahyuni, Sri; Marnita, Rina; Usman, Fajri (2020-10-30). "Makian Referen Keadaan dalam Bahasa Melayu Jambi di Muara Bungo: Kajian Sosiolinguistik". MADAH. 11 (2): 131–140. doi:10.31503/madah.v11i2.199. ISSN 2580-9717.
  3. ^ "Melayu - Peta Bahasa". petabahasa.kemdikbud.go.id. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  4. ^ Rahima et. al. 2023, p. 1.
  5. ^ a b Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth; Jackson, Beverley (2004). Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-87727-736-1. JSTOR 10.7591/j.ctv1nhp7b.
  6. ^ Perdana, Aditya Bayu (2022-09-02). "A Jambi Coin with Kawi Inscription from Indonesia: Re-examination of a coin type formerly attributed to Siak". Indonesia and the Malay World. 50 (148): 358–369. doi:10.1080/13639811.2022.2123155. ISSN 1363-9811.

Bibliography

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Jambi Malay test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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