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Mausoleum

"Mausolea" redirects here. For the genus of great flowering plants, see Mausolea (plant).

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph. A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum.

Model of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria from which the word mausoleum was derived.[1]
The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Anıtkabir is the mausoleum of Atatürk, leader of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence, the founder and first President of the Republic of Turkey. It attracts around 3.5 million tourists yearly.[2]

Overview

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The word mausoleum (from the Ancient Greek: μαυσωλεῖον) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.[1]

Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for a deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome. When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use.[3]

Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the early modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land.

In the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs.

Notable mausoleums

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Main article: List of mausoleums

Africa

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Asia, Eastern, Southern, Central, and Southeast

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Afghanistan

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Bangladesh

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China

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India

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Indonesia

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Japan

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Malaysia

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Pakistan

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Philippines

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Taiwan

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Others

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Asia, western

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Europe

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See also: Burial sites of European monarchs and consorts

South America

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Argentina

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Bolivia

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Brazil

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Chile

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Colombia

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Ecuador

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Paraguay

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Peru

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Uruguay

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Venezuela

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North America

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Canada

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Cuba

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Dominican Republic

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El Salvador

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Guatemala

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Haiti

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Honduras

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Mexico

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Nicaragua

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Panama

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United States

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Oceania

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The plurals mausoleums and mausolea are both used in English, although mausoleums is more common.

Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b Toms, J. Mason (Winter 2019). "Arkansas Listings in the National Register of Historic Places: The Community Mausoleums of Cecil E. Bryan". Arkansas Historical Quarterly. 78 (4): 423–431. ISSN 0004-1823.
  2. ^ "Anıtkabir'de yabancı ziyaretçi rekoru kırıldı". www.sozcu.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  3. ^ Paul Veyne, in A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium, Veyne, ed. (Harvard University Press) 1987:416.
  4. ^ al-Qummi, Ja'far ibn Qūlawayh (2008). Kāmil al-Ziyārāt. trans. Sayyid Mohsen al-Husaini al-Mīlāni. Shiabooks.ca Press. p. 63.
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