Al-Kūfah began as a military base ca. 638 near Ḥīrah on the western branch of the Euphrates river and grew, as had its counterpart at Al-Basrah also grown, from an encampment into a town that attracted the great intellectual elites from across the region.[1] The first grammarian of al-Kūfah was Al-Ru'asi who lived in the eighth century, whereas the earliest scholars of the School at Baṣrah, lived during the seventh century.[2] The great intellectual project that developed out of both schools of philology, created the sciences of Arabic grammar and lexicography. What emerged from an impetus to interpret the sacred texts of the Qu’rān and Ḥadīth, by humanists of al-Baṣrah and al-Kūfah, led to a communal quest for the purest, least corrupt, Arabic source material, for which they turned to the Pre-Islamic oral poetry as recited by the rāwī. The compositions of famous poets were collected, arranged, and committed to writing. [3] The grammarians of al-Baṣrah and al-Kūfah collected the ancient Arabian poetry and arranged the material into “Dīwān” (pl. Dawāwan) according to certain principles; either by classes of individuals, tribal groupings, selected qaṣīdas, or by themes of fragments, and edited into anthologies. Examples of their works are the Mu’allaqāt, and the Mufaḍḍaliyāt by al-Mufaḍḍal al-Ḍabbī.[4]

Philologists of al-Kūfah found in al-Fihrist of Isḥāq al-Nadīm

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Notes

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  1. ^ Authorities differ on these dates.
  2. ^ Name spelled incorrectly in Flügel edition of al-Fihrist
  3. ^ The Beatty MS has Ibn Qādim, whereas Flügel gives Abū Qādim.
  4. ^ Mosque of the Tarjumānīyah was probably a quarter of West Baghdād. (Dodge, B., “Biographical Index”, p. 1094) in the late C 8th - early C 9th.[67]
  5. ^ Spelled Ṭuwāl, or Ṭuwwāl.

References

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  1. ^ Nicholson 1907, p. 189.
  2. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 141, n.2.
  3. ^ Nicholson 1907, p. 133.
  4. ^ Nicholson 1907, pp. 127–128.
  5. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, pp. 53–55, III.
  6. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 77–79, 104, 164, 165, 166, 183, 190, 568..
  7. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, p. 23, III.
  8. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 90, 151, 152, 156, 161, 190–91, 234, 248, 344-46..
  9. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 366, Irshād, VI (2).
  10. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 138, 158.
  11. ^ a b Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 224.
  12. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 144, Bughyat.
  13. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1871, p. 300, n.4., IV.
  14. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 160, 161, 165.
  15. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 150.
  16. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 260, Bughyat.
  17. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 145, 147, 149, 165, 190–91.
  18. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 137, §4 (#69).
  19. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, pp. 131–3, §3 (#60).
  20. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1964, p. 333, Bughyat, II.
  21. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 76, 79, 114, 141, 145, 146–49, 158–59, 163, 165, 236.
  22. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 131-33, §3 (#60).
  23. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 234, Irshād, VI (7).
  24. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, pp. 151–2, §6 (#75).
  25. ^ a b Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 164.
  26. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 150, 160.
  27. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, p. 612, III.
  28. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 67, 154.
  29. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 134, §3 (#63).
  30. ^ Yāqūt 1970, p. 268, Geog., IV.
  31. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 408, Bughyat.
  32. ^ a b Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 155.
  33. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 477, Irshād, VI (6).
  34. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 287, Bughyat.
  35. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 154.
  36. ^ a b Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 404, Bughyat.
  37. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 156, 158, 347.
  38. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 237, II.
  39. ^ Mas‘ūdī (al-) 1877, pp. 302, 319, VI.
  40. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 79, 84, 112, 143, 144, 158, 191, 361, 365, 504.
  41. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 127, §2 (#59).
  42. ^ Iṣbahānī (al-) 1868, p. 114, Aghānī, XII.
  43. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 473, I.
  44. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 155, 240, 347.
  45. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 370, Bughyat.
  46. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 247, Irshād, VI (5).
  47. ^ a b Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 157.
  48. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, p. 370, III.
  49. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 142–44.
  50. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 125, §1 (#57).
  51. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 170, Irshād, VI (7).
  52. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 611, II.
  53. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 96, 135, I37, 161, 179, 350, 742.
  54. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 211, Irshād, VI (7).
  55. ^ Flügel 1862, p. 128, Gram. Schulen.
  56. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 145.
  57. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, pp. 138–9, §4 (#71).
  58. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 148–149, 160–61, 190–91.
  59. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 133, §3 (#61).
  60. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, pp. 24, 26, n.4., iii.
  61. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 480, Irshād, VI (6).
  62. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 76, 141, 142, 145.
  63. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 125, §1 (#56).
  64. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 12, Irshād, VI (7).
  65. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 153.
  66. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 78–79, 154, 174.
  67. ^ Yāqūt 1970, p. 836, Geog., I.
  68. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 154, 626—68..
  69. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 110, Bughyat.
  70. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 133, Irshād, VI (7).
  71. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 162.
  72. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, pp. 182–183, I.
  73. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 90, 104, 150, 156, 191, 344–48.
  74. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 159.
  75. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 300, Irshād, VI (7).
  76. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1871, p. 293, IV.
  77. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 122–23, 126, 156, 158, 159, 172, 191, 345–348.
  78. ^ Yāqūt 1927, p. 396, Irshād, VI (2).
  79. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 210, Bughyat.
  80. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, p. 153.
  81. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, p. 83, I.
  82. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 86, 191, 345, 348.
  83. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, pp. 141–50, §5 (#74).
  84. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 225.
  85. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1871, pp. 262, 269, n. 1., IV.
  86. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 153, 156, 158, 345–46.
  87. ^ Suyūṭī (al-) 1909, p. 20, Bughyat.
  88. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 147, 149, 160, 191.
  89. ^ Zubaydī (al-) 1984, p. 137, §4 (#70).
  90. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1843, pp. 238, 486, II.
  91. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 67, 77–78, 80, 82, 105, 113, 156, 157, 162, 171.
  92. ^ Khallikān (Ibn) 1868, p. 43, III.
  93. ^ Nadīm (al-) 1970, pp. 100, 166, 167–68, 183, 190, 266.

Sources

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  • Iṣbahānī (al-), Abū al-Faraj ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn (1868). Kitāb al-Aghāni (in Arabic). Vol. 20. Cairo: Būlāq Press.
  • Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1843). Ibn Khallikān's Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā" Ahnā' al-Zamān). Vol. I–II. Translated by Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris & London: W. H. Allen.
  • Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1868). Ibn Khallikān's Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā" Ahnā' al-Zamān). Vol. III. Translated by Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris & London: W. H. Allen.
  • Khallikān (Ibn), Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad (1871). Ibn Khallikān's Biographical Dictionary (translation of Wafayāt al-A'yān wa-Anbā" Ahnā' al-Zamān). Vol. IV. Translated by Mac Guckin de Slane. Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland.
  • Mas‘ūdī (al-), Abū al-Ḥasan ‘Alī ibn al-Ḥusayn (1877) [1871]. Kitāb Murūj al-Dhahab wa-Ma'ādin al-Jawhar/Les Prairies d'or (in Arabic and French). Vol. 9. Translated by Meynard, C. Barbier de; Courteille, Pavet de. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.
  • Nadīm (al-), Ibn Isḥāq (1970). Dodge, B. (ed.). The Fihrist of al-Nadīm A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture. New York & London: Columbia University Press.
  • Nicholson, Reynold A. (1907). A Literary History of the Arabs. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
  • Suyūṭī (al-), Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (1909). Bughyat al-Wu'āt fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyīn wa-al-Nuḥāh. Cairo: Sa‘adah Press. p. 404.
  • Suyūṭī (al-), Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān (1964). Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad Abū l-Faḍl (ed.). Bughyat al-Wu'āt fī Ṭabaqāt al-Lughawīyīn wa-al-Nuḥāh (in Arabic). Vol. II. Cairo: Sa‘adah Press.
  • Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1927) [1907]. Margoliouth, D. S. (ed.). "Irshād al-Arīb alā Ma'rifat al-Adīb (Yaqut's Dictionary of Learned Men; 7 vols.)". E. J. W. Gibb Memorial Series (in Arabic). VI. Leiden: Brill.
  • Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1970) [1966]. Wüstenfeld, F. (ed.). Mu'jam al-Buldān (Jacut's Geographisches Wörterbuch). Vol. 6. Leipzig: Brockhaus.
  • Yāqūt, Shihāb al-Dīn ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Ḥamawī (1965). Wüstenfeld, F. (ed.). Mu'jam al-Buldān (Jacut's Geographisches Wörterbuch). Vol. 6 (Photo- graphic reproduction ed.). Teheran: Maktabat al-Asadī.
  • Zubaydī (al-), Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan (1984) [1954]. Ibrāhīm, Muḥammad (ed.). Ṭabaqāt al-Naḥwīyīn wa-al-Lughawīyīn (in Arabic). Cairo: Al-Khanjī.