The Yazīd inscription is an early Christian Paleo-Arabic rock carving from the region of as-Samrūnīyyāt, 12 km southeast of Qasr Burqu' in the northeastern Jordan.
It was discovered by Jordanian epigraphists during in the first season of the El-Khḍerī archaeological and epigraphic survey project and published in 2017. It consists of only four words and a Christian cross. Notably, it mentions a certain figure known as "Yazīd the king" (yzydw ʾl-mlk), who is most likely the Umayyad ruler Yazid I.[1]
Text edit
The following transliteration and translation comes from the 2017 edition of the Yazid inscription.[1]
Transliteration
1. † dkr ʾl-ʾlh
2. yzydw ʾl-mlk
Translation
1. †May God be mindful of
2. Yazīd-w the king
Identity of Yazid edit
The identity of the figure named Yazīd in the inscription is open to interpretation, especially in light of the undated nature of the inscription. First, the term mlk (malik) in inscriptions from this period does not necessarily denote a king who ruled over a specified territory. For example, the Jebel Usays inscription applies the title to al-Harith ibn Jabalah, ruler of the Ghassanids, possibly in reference to the title he had been given of phylarch by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I. If the figure mentioned in the inscription corresponds to one from known sources, it may refer to Yazīd son of al-ʾAswad (the only figure from classical Arabic sources by the name of Yazīd associated with the Ghassanids), Yazīd son of Qays the Ḥujrid (mentioned by Photios I of Constantinople mentioned in his Bibliotheca), or Yazīd son of Kabaśat (mentioned in the late Sabaic inscription CIH 541 as a figure appointed by the South Arabian ruler Abraha). From the Islamic period, it may refer to the Umayyad ruler Yazid I,[1] a view that is increasingly held,[2][3][4][5][6] and ties in with the likely presence of Arab Christians in early Islamic armies.[7]
Linguistics edit
The formula which appears in the inscription, dkr ʾl-ʾlh ("May God be mindful of" or "May God remember"), is also found in the Zabad inscription and DaJ144PAr.[4] The dkr element, asking God be mindful of so-and-so, is likely an Arabicization of an expression common in Nabataean graffiti, dkyr ("may so-and-so be remembered").[2]
The Yazid inscription shares a few linguistic peculiarities with the Abd Shams inscription.[4]
The Yazid inscription is one of the two Islamic-era inscriptions that retain the practice of wawation, once widespread in pre-Islamic Arabic, alongside PERF 558 (22 AH / 643 CE).[3]
See also edit
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ a b c al-Shdaifat et al. 2017.
- ^ a b Al-Jallad 2021.
- ^ a b Van Putten 2023.
- ^ a b c Alhatlani & Al-Otibi 2023.
- ^ Nehmé 2020.
- ^ Lindstedt 2020.
- ^ Demichelis 2021.
Sources edit
- Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2021). ""May God be Mindful of Yazīd the King": Further Reflections on the Yazīd Inscription and the Development of Arabic Scripts". In Van den Brent, Josephine; Van den Eijnde, Floris; Weststeijn, Johan (eds.). Late Antique Responses to the Arab Conquests. Brill. pp. 195–211.
- al-Shdaifat, Younis; Al-Jallad, Ahmad; al-Salameen, Zeyad; Harahsheh, Rafe (2017). "An early Christian Arabic graffito mentioning 'Yazīd the king'". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 28 (2): 315–324.
- Alhatlani, Abdullah Saad; Al-Otibi, Ajab Mohammad (2023). "A Palaeo-Arabic inscription from the Ḥismā Desert (Tabūk region)". Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy. 34 (1): 183–193.
- Demichelis, Marco (2021). "Arab Christian Confederations and Muhammad's Believers: On the Origins of Jihad". Religions. 12 (9).
- Lindstedt, Ilkka (2020). "Review of Nicolai SINAI, Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry". Journal of the International Qur’anic Studies Association. 6 (6).
- Nehmé, Laila (2020). "The religious landscape of Northwest Arabia as reflected in the Nabataean, Nabataeo-Arabic, and pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions". Semitica et Classica. 13: 127–154.
- Van Putten, Marijn (2023). "The Development of the Hijazi Orthography". Millennium. 20 (1): 107–128.