Yang Miaozhen (Chinese: 楊妙真; c. 1193 – 1250) was a female military leader and warrior in medieval China.[1][2][3]
A native of Yidu, she grew up in northern China during a turbulent, war-wracked time.[1][2] In 1211, her brother Yang An'er organized a group of roving bandits.[1][2] Sometime after 1214, he was killed, and the 20-year-old Yang Miaozhen was chosen as his successor as the leader of a 10,000-strong band.[1][2] She joined forces with and married Li Quan, another bandit chief.[1]
In 1218, Li Quan pledged allegiance to the Southern Song,[1] but he was never fully trusted.[4] While Li Quan went out into the field on military campaigns against the Mongols and the Jurchen, his wife ruled their base city of Huai'an (outmaneuvering the prefects sent by the Song).[1]
In 1226, Li Quan fought the Mongols, but was defeated and besieged in Yidu.[1] He held out for a year, but Yang Miaozhen's attempts to reinforce him failed, and he surrendered to the Mongols in spring 1227 and switched his allegiance to them.[1][4] They made him governor of Shandong.[1][4] The Song responded by cutting off food supplies to Yang Miaozhen.[1][4] Her troops mutinied, but Li Quan marched to her aid and reestablished control. In early 1231, Li Quan was killed attacking Yangzhou by the Song.[1] After some attempts to find a male leader, his forces placed themselves under Yang Miaozhen.[1] However, four months later, the Song attacked Huai'an. With defeat inevitable, Yang Miaozhen led her troops to join the Mongols, who in 1232 appointed her governor of Yidu.[1][3] She was succeeded by her adopted son Li Tan, either soon after[4] or after her death in 1250.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lee, Lily Xiao Hong; Wiles, Sue (13 March 2014). Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Women: Tang Through Ming, 618-1644. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 545–547. ISBN 9780765643162. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
- ^ a b c d Johnson, Linda C. (2011-07-31). Women of the Conquest Dynasties: Gender and Identity in Liao and Jin China. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6024-0.
- ^ a b Hinsch, Bret (2020-12-16). Women in Song and Yuan China. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-4492-3.
- ^ a b c d e Lorge, Peter A. (5 December 2011). Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–154. ISBN 9781139502559.