Windham, Maine

Windham, Maine
—  Town  —
Main Street, South Windham c. 1910
Motto: Windham Works for Maine
Windham, Maine Location within the state of Maine
Coordinates: 43°48′38″N 70°25′1″W
Country	United States
State	Maine
County	Cumberland
Incorporated	1762
Government
• Council Chairman	Scott Hayman
• Town Manager	Anthony Plante
Area
• Total	50.15 sq mi (129.89 km2)
• Land	46.56 sq mi (120.59 km2)
• Water	3.59 sq mi (9.30 km2)
Elevation	236 ft (72 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	17,001
• Estimate (2011)	17,041
• Density	365.1/sq mi (141.0/km2)
Time zone	Eastern (EST) (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes	04062, 04082
Area code(s)	207
FIPS code	23-86025
GNIS feature ID	0582817
Website	www.windhamweb.com

Windham is a town in Cumberland County, Maine, United States. The population was 17,001 at the 2010 census. It includes the villages of South Windham and North Windham. It is part of the Portland–South Portland–Biddeford, Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

History

The township was granted in 1734 by the Massachusetts General Court to Abraham Howard, Joseph Blaney and 58 others from Marblehead, Massachusetts. In 1737, New Marblehead Plantation was settled by Captain Thomas Chute. By order of the Massachusetts General Court, a fort was built in spring of 1744 on a hill in the southern part of town near the early center of settlement to offer protection during King George's War. A 50-foot square blockhouse constructed of 12-inch thick hewn hemlock had an overhanging second story with firing ports and two swivel guns in watch posts on diagonal corners. The blockhouse was surrounded by a stockade wall of 12-inch diameter log posts 16 feet long. The single gate through the stockade wall was covered by a 4.2-inch (11 cm) bore 9-pounder cannon within the blockhouse.

The town's inhabitants took shelter in the stockade between 1745 and 1751. The last Indian attack on the town occurred on May 14, 1756. New Marblehead Plantation was incorporated on June 12, 1762 as Windham, named for Wymondham in Norfolk, England. Windham Minutemen marched to Portland in response to the Burning of Falmouth on 18 October 1775 and sixteen men were drafted from the town for the Penobscot Expedition. Thirteen Windham men are reported as being members of the Continental Army with George Washington's American Revolutionary War winter encampment at Valley Forge. Windham's 9-pounder cannon and one swivel gun from the stockade blockhouse were loaned to Portland in 1775. Portland had refused to surrender these guns to Captain Henry Mowat as he demanded before he burned the town; and they were placed aboard the privateer Reprieve in 1776.

Most of the early inhabitants were farmers, who found the soil loamy and easily worked. Early subdivision of land was in strips perpendicular to the Presumpscot River and Pleasant River. Each landowner cleared the river floodplain for cropland and had river access for transportation to the coast until River Road and Old Gray Road (United States Route 202) were built linking connected farm buildings on high ground adjacent to the floodplain. Windham provided numerous sites for water power, and as early as 1738 a mill was erected at Mallison Falls. Edmund Fowler and Lester Laflin began manufacturing gunpowder at Gambo Falls (near Newhall) in 1817.

Canal

The Cumberland and Oxford Canal opened in 1832, carrying goods along the Presumpscot River between Sebago Lake and Portland. Population increased along the Presumpscot River as goods manufactured by river water power could be transported to outside markets. In 1859, when Windham's population was 2,380, it had 8 sawmills, a corn and flour mill, 2 shingle mills, a fulling mill, 2 carding mills, a woolen textile factory, a barrel factory, a chair stuff factory, the gunpowder factory and 2 tanneries. Oriental Powder Company became the largest gunpowder factory in Maine, and remained in operation until 1905 providing rock blasting powder, gunpowder for belligerents in the Crimean War, and 25 percent of the Union gunpowder supply for the American Civil War. A charcoal house, saltpeter refinery, mills, and storehouses were separated along a mile of both banks of the Presumpscot River upstream of Gambo to minimize damage during infrequent explosions.

Railroad

The canal fell into disuse after the Portland and Ogdensburg Railway was completed through South Windham and Newhall in 1875.Maine Central Railroad leased the railway as their Mountain Division in 1888. Availability of year-round transportation encouraged C.A. Brown and Company to build a large brick wood-paper board factory at South Windham in 1875. Androscoggin Pulp Company purchased the factory, and the industrial village of South Windham developed around the pulp mill. By 1886, the town also produced felt, boots and shoes, carriages, harness, coffins, clothing and wooden ware. On April 4, 1919, the legislature passed an act creating the Reformatory for Men at South Windham. It is now the Maine Correctional Center, a minimum to medium security facility for men and women.

Highway

Designation of the transcontinental Roosevelt Trail in 1919 (identified as United States Route 302 since 1935) encouraged increasing numbers of automobile tourists to drive through North Windham. Boody's store was built on the north corner of the intersection of the Roosevelt Trail and Maine State Route 115 to sell grain, groceries, and hardware. The crossroads village of North Windham has expanded into the commercial center of town through increasing automobile use by Sebago Lake vacationers and suburban Portland commuters.

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 50.15 square miles (129.89 km²), of which 46.56 square miles (120.59 km²) is land and 3.59 square miles (9.30 km²) is water. Located beside Sebago Lake, Windham is drained by the Pleasant River and the Presumpscot River.

Roads and Bordering

The town is crossed by U.S. routes 202 and 302, and state routes 4, 35 and 115. It borders the towns of Standish and Gorham to the west, Westbrook to the south, Falmouth and Cumberland to the east, Gray to the northeast and Raymond to the north.

Secondary roads

There are several roads that connect certain parts of the town, as well as to other towns, such as Pope Road (Connecting North Windham to Windham Center), River Road (main connector connecting North Windham and Westbrook), Windham Center Road (mainly crosses the town in an east-west direction, as well as connecting Windham Center to Gorham), and Falmouth Road (connects North Windham to Falmouth).

Demographics

See also: North Windham, Maine

2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 17,001 people, 6,383 households, and 4,475 families residing in the town. The population density was 365.1 inhabitants per square mile (141.0 /km²). There were 7,136 housing units at an average density of 153.3 per square mile (59.2 /km²). The racial makeup of the town was 96.4% White, 1.0% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.6% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population.

There were 6,383 households out of which 34.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.0% were married couples living together, 10.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 21.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 2.96.

The median age in the town was 39.9 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 28.9% were from 25 to 44; 29.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 50.2% male and 49.8% female.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 14,904 people, 5,522 households, and 4,020 families residing in the town. The population density was 319.3 people per square mile (123.3/km²). There were 6,088 housing units at an average density of 130.4 per square mile (50.4/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 97.56% White, 0.49% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.38% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.12% from other races, and 1.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.44% of the population.

There were 5,522 households out of which 35.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 59.8% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 20.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.58 and the average family size was 2.98.

In the town the population was spread out with 24.3% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.0 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $46,526, and the median income for a family was $52,218. Males had a median income of $32,441 versus $26,157 for females. The per capita income for the town was $19,890. About 3.5% of families and 5.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.7% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

Notable people

• John Anderson, US congressman; born in Windham
• John Albion Andrew, 25th Governor of Massachusetts; born in Windham
• Jeff Donnell, actress (The Iron Maiden, The Amazing Spider-Man, and General Hospital); born in South Windham
• Willard Mains, pitcher for the Chicago White Stockings, Cincinnati Kelly's Killers, Milwaukee Brewers, and Boston Beaneaters; born in North Windham

Education

Windham has its own school district called the Windham School Department, including Windham Primary School (K-3), Manchester School (4-5), Windham Middle School (6-8), and Windham High School (9-12). It has been recently changed to RSU 14. A consolidated school district of Windham and Raymond.

Site of interest

• Windham Historical Society
• The Windham Land Trust
• Goold House
• Maplewood Farm

External links

• Town of Windham, Maine
• Windham Sports Pages Newspaper
• Windham Independent Newspaper
• Windham Public Library
• Maine.gov -- Windham, Maine
• Sebago Lakes Region Chamber of Commerce
• Epodunk Town Profile
• History of Windham, Maine (1886)
• Maine Genealogy: Windham, Cumberland County, Maine