Watt Sam (October 6, 1876 – July 1, 1944)[1] was a Natchez storyteller and cultural historian of Braggs, Oklahoma and one of the two last native speakers of the Natchez language.[2]
Around 1907 he worked with anthropologist John R. Swanton who collected information about Natchez religion.[3] Swanton commented that Sam, having lived among the Cherokee and Creek his whole life and being fluent in both languages, had absorbed so much of their oral tradition that it was difficult to know the extent to which his stories reflected original Natchez tradition. For some of passages in the narratives that had sexual content, Swanton only provided a translation into Latin.[4] In the 1930s he worked with linguist Mary Haas who collected grammatical information and texts. In 1931, anthropologist Victor Riste made several wax cylinder recordings of Watt Sam speaking the Natchez language, which were rediscovered at the University of Chicago in the 1970s by Archie Sam and linguist Charles Van Tuyl.[5][6] One of the cylinders is now at the Voice Library at the University of Michigan.[6]
He was the biological cousin of the other last speaker of Natchez, Nancy Raven, who in Natchez kinship terminology was his classificatory aunt, and through his father Creek Sam (b. 1825) he was the great-uncle of Natchez scholar Archie Sam.[7][8] In some of his stories he used a register of Natchez that he referred to as "Cannibal language" in which he substituted some words with others.[9] As among the Natchez the language was generally passed down matrilineally, Watt Sam did not teach the language to any of his children.[2]
He is buried at the Greenleaf Cemetery at Tahlequah, Oklahoma.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b "Watt Sam". Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2013-10-13.
- ^ a b Kimball, Geoffry (2005). "Natchez". In Janine Scancarelli; Heather Kay Hardy (eds.). Native Languages of the Southeastern United States. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 385–453. ISBN 0803242352.
- ^ Swanton, John R. (1929). "Myths & Tales of the Southeastern Indians", Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin, No. 88, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
- ^ Swann, Brian (2011). Born in the Blood: On Native American Translation. University of Nebraska Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-0803267596.
- ^ Fricker, Richard L. (9 October 1977). "Language of extinct tribe haunts scholar". Boca Raton News. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
- ^ a b Barnett, James F. Jr. (2007). The Natchez Indians: A History to 1735. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi. p. 134. ISBN 9781578069880. OCLC 86038006.
- ^ Galloway, Patricia Kay; Jason Baird Jackson (2004), "Natchez and Neighboring Groups", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 598–615 [unified volume Bibliography, pp. 772–999]
- ^ Martin, Jack B. (2004), "Languages", in Raymond D. Fogelson (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 14: Southeast, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 68–86 [unified volume Bibliography, pp. 772–999]
- ^ Kimball, Geoffrey (2012). Natchez Cannibal Speech. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 78, No. 2 (April 2012), pp. 273–280