Visual processing

Not to be confused with image processing.

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Visual processing is the sequence of steps that information takes as it flows from visual sensors to cognitive processing. The sensors may be zoological eyes or they may be cameras or sensor arrays that sense various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

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Sensory system: Visual system and eye movement pathways

Visual perception

1° (Bipolar cell of Retina) → 2° (Ganglionic cell) → 3° (Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → LGN of Thalamus) → 4° (Optic radiation → Cuneus and Lingual gyrus of Visual cortex → Blobs → Globs)

Muscles of orbit

Tracking	Smooth pursuit: Parietal lobe · Occipital lobe Saccade: Frontal eye fields Nystagmus → Fixation reflex → PPRF

Horizontal gaze	PPRF → Abducens nucleus → MLF → Oculomotor nucleus → Medial rectus muscle

Vertical gaze	Rostral interstitial nucleus → Oculomotor nucleus, Trochlear nucleus → Muscles of orbit

Vestibulo-ocular reflex	Semicircular canal → Vestibulocochlear nerve → Vestibular nuclei → Abducens nucleus → MLF (Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers) → Oculomotor nucleus → Medial rectus muscle

Pupillary reflex

Pupillary dilation	1° (Posterior hypothalamus → Ciliospinal center) → 2° (Superior cervical ganglion) → 3° (Sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion → Nasociliary nerve → Long ciliary nerves → Iris dilator muscle)

Pupillary light reflex (constriction)	1° (Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Pretectal nucleus) → 2° (Edinger-Westphal nucleus) → 3° (Oculomotor nerve → Parasympathetic root of ciliary ganglion → Ciliary ganglion) → (4° Short ciliary nerves → Iris sphincter muscle)

Accommodation vergence	1° (Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Visual cortex → Brodmann area 19 → Pretectal area) → 2° (Edinger-Westphal nucleus) → 3° (Short ciliary nerves → Ciliary ganglion → Ciliary muscle)

Circadian rhythm

Retina → Hypothalamus (Suprachiasmatic nucleus)

M: EYE

anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)

Sensory system – visual system – globe of eye (TA A15.2.1–6, TH 3.11.08.0-5, GA 10.1005)

Fibrous tunic (outer)

Sclera	Episcleral layer Schlemm's canal Trabecular meshwork

Cornea	Limbus layers Epithelium Bowman's Stroma Descemet's Endothelium

Uvea/vascular tunic (middle)

Choroid	Capillary lamina of choroid Bruch's membrane Sattler's layer

Ciliary body	Ciliary processes Ciliary muscle

Iris	Stroma Pupil Iris dilator muscle Iris sphincter muscle

Retina (inner)

Layers	Inner limiting membrane Nerve fiber layer Ganglion cell layer Inner plexiform layer Inner nuclear layer Outer plexiform layer Outer nuclear layer External limiting membrane Layer of rods and cones Retinal pigment epithelium

Cells	Photoreceptor cells (Cone cell, Rod cell) → (Horizontal cell) → Bipolar cell → (Amacrine cell) → Retina ganglion cell (Midget cell, Parasol cell, Bistratified cell, Giant retina ganglion cells, Photosensitive ganglion cell) → Diencephalon: P cell, M cell, K cell Muller glia

Other	Macula Foveola Fovea centralis Optic disc Optic cup

Anterior segment

Posterior segment

Vitreous humour

Other

M: EYE

anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)

v t e Nervous system: Sensory systems / senses (TA A15)

Special senses	Visual system/sight Auditory system/hearing Chemoreception Olfactory system/smell Gustatory system/taste

Touch	Pain Nociception Heat Thermoception Balance Equilibrioception Mechanoreception Pressure vibration Proprioception

Other	Sensory receptor

Phenomena of the visual system

Entoptic phenomena

Other phenomena

M: EYE

anat (g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug (S1A/1E/1F/1L)

Developmental disorders: Dyslexia and related specific developmental disorders (F80–F83, 315)

General conditions

Speech and language impairments / communication disorders	Expressive language disorder Landau–Kleffner syndrome Language disorder Lisp Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder Specific language impairment Speech disorder

Scholastic skills/ learning disorder	Developmental dyslexia Dysgraphia (Disorder of written expression) Dyscalculia

Motor function	Developmental dyspraxia

Other	Auditory processing disorder Scotopic sensitivity syndrome

Related topics

Lists

M: PSO/PSI

mepr

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc (eval/thrp), drug (N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)

v t e Literacy

Teaching literacy	Reading education in the USA Phonics Whole language Dick and Jane National Council of Teachers of English NCLB Family literacy Adolescent literacy

Defining literacy	Functional illiteracy Critical literacy

Literacy internationally	International Reading Association List of countries by literacy rate Literacy in India International Literacy Day List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate

Major contributors to literacy	Frank Laubach Paulo Freire Griffith Jones Marie Clay

Related concepts	Agricultural literacy Aliteracy Asemic writing Computer literacy Cultural literacy Dyslexia Diaspora literacy Ecological literacy Electracy Emotional literacy Financial literacy Health literacy Information literacy Information and media literacy Literacy test Media literacy Mental health literacy Mental literacy New literacies Numeracy Oracy Orality Oral literature Postliterate society Racial literacy Scientific literacy Statistical literacy Technological literacy Transliteracy Visual literacy Writing system

v t e Writing systems

Overview	History of writing History of the alphabet Graphemes Scripts in Unicode

Lists	Writing systems Languages by writing system / by first written account Undeciphered writing systems Inventors of writing systems

Types	Featural alphabets Alphabets Abjads Alphasyllabaries / Abugidas Syllabaries Semi-syllabaries Ideogrammic Pictographic Logographic Numeral

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Last modified on 26 January 2013, at 20:55

Visual processing

See also

Further reading