Murray Langton

Compiler

Hello. I made a change to the Compiler#Middle end to make clear the passing of the middle end to the back end. The way it was written was flaged as needing a citation. However reading the complete article is was obviously clear. Admittedly I have worked on many compiler projects so I might be biased. But anyway after the edit the text of the section is not displaying in the android wiki apps. The edit history looks right. Can you take a look. My home computer hard drive quit on me so I only have my NOTE 4 for the time being. Thanks Steamerandy (talk) 18:18, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

Hi Steamerandy, I've had a look at your change on my home PC, and it seems to display OK for me. I agree with you that a citation is not really needed here. (I've also worked on several compiler projects, and am still working on one, so I probably have a similar bias to you.) Murray Langton (talk) 21:10, 24 May 2017 (UTC)

You're welcome

Glad I could help. I've watched the article for a while now; You're doing great work there. Tom Harrison ^Talk 23:22, 7 January 2006 (UTC)

Hello sir Lords alexander (talk) 07:31, 4 February 2017 (UTC)

Tent

Hi Murray, great to meet you. Keep up the bike riding! ;) I've got a couple of kids too, but they're knee-high to a grasshopper. They love camping, even in the backyard. Anyway, I've added some initial thoughts to the tent talk page about your suggested rewrite - basically, go for it and happy to support along the way :) Jtneill - Talk 11:23, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Cabin tent

Here's one. I can make a diagram of one if you wish, to match my pictures of the dome tent and dining fly. I've watchlisted your talk page; you can reply right here. --Smack (talk) 16:19, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Smack. 'Cabin tent' is not something you see in UK or Europe, The nearest equivalent would be a frame tent, except that usually has the frame inside the tent rather than outside. Murray Langton 21:56, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

It would very much help to have either diagrams or (copyright free) pictures of almost every type of tent. Murray Langton 06:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

One query. Is a 'cabin tent a single skin or double skin tent? My impression from the link you helpfully supplied is that it is only single skin, with a divider to make two rooms. Murray Langton 06:33, 17 January 2006 (UTC)

I'm really out of my expertise here, but I would be surprised if placing the frame inside would disqualify a tent as a cabin tent.

I haven't seen any double-wall cabin tents. Weight, one of the main reasons for double-walling, is not very important for them, because they're not very portable anyway.

I can try to make more diagrams, but I'm afraid that, for some of the more complex types, they won't be very good. --Smack (talk) 02:28, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Cabin tents here in the USA are the kind of tent used by car campers, people packing everything in a car or truck and basically camping right by your parked vehicle, like commercial campgrounds and those in state and federal parks, where there's a parking lot quite nearby. They are not made lightweight like a backpacking tent, generally speaking. Often they do have a (sometimes movable or removable) center divider to make 2 rooms. User:Pedant 00:55, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Hi Pedant. It sounds as if you have some knowledge/experience of cabin tents. Feel free to add to the relevant section of Tent. Murray Langton 05:46, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Tent retailers

As a new tent retailer has been added to the Tent article, I find myself wondering why we need the retailers links at all-- surely there are enough images of tents in the links to the manufacturers that we don't need the retailers' links? -- Mwanner | Talk 13:31, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Hi Mwanner, if you think that the manufacturers links cover (nearly) all of the tent types mentioned then we could certainly remove the retailers links (I'm on the other side of the world from my home right now, using a rather slow dial-up connection, so I haven't been following things as closely as normal.) Murray Langton 22:22, 26 April 2006 (UTC)

Flight planning

I have done a bit of spell checking and minor copy editing on your Flight planning article. It is, I think, very well written, though it would benefit from a few diagrams. I will try to keep coming back to it from time to time-- it's a lot to take on at one bite if one is unfamiliar with the subject.

One section you might want to try to work on: Flight planning#Calculation is written in how-to language after the first sentence. I realise this is a natural form for this section, but it really ought to be made descriptive, instead.

Excellent work. Cheers! -- Mwanner | Talk 12:18, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Mwanner for your swift response and helpful comments. Murray Langton 13:59, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi, thanks for your note. The intro looks better, but I rewrote it, as you'll see. (Changes like "There are two safety-critical aspects of flight planning: the first is the fuel calculation to ensure that the aircraft can fly to the destination without any risk of running out of fuel" becomes "Flight planning involves two safety-critical aspects: fuel calculation, to ensure the aircraft can reach its destination safely..."). So I cut down the wordiness a little. Second, the introduction should really reflect the organization of the rest of the article, so as it stands, the intro we have suggests the article will deal with (1) fuel calculation (2) air traffic control, and (3) historical development of flight planning. Is that what you intend? Kaisershatner 14:21, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Thanks Kaisershatner for your revision. For (3), what I really wanted was to emphasise the existence of computerised flight planning systems, and how much more scope they give compared with hand calculations. Murray Langton 14:56, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Hi, Murray. The flight plan page is nice. I was wondering if you'd be interested expanding on the context of when to use kilograms instead of gallons (or pounds for that matter). I'm not sure if UK gallons is related to this issue, though I suspect it is.

Cheers Intrepidwerx (talk) 18:45, 22 June 2008 (UTC)

I have started looking at your flight planning page and made some talking points on your discussion pages. Depending on how in-depth you want to get, it can be expanded pretty heavily. I am currently building a compiler for flight planning systems to use. I'm testing it out on my company's flight planning system now. It's intended to be used by amateur and professional alike. I will probably write about it for submission to SIGPLAN later this year. So, I am familiar with many aspects of flight planning and would be glad to help contribute to the page where possible.Intrepidwerx (talk) 03:42, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

It's not actually 'my' flight planning page, even though I wrote most of it. In accordance with Wikipedia policy, anyone can edit it, though I do appreciate you making suggestions on the discussion page - if you see an obvious small/simple change, go ahead and make it directly; others have done so in the past and most such changes have been improvements. Certainly, it is a good idea to discauss any major changes first. I'll consider your suggestions later today. Murray Langton (talk) 05:29, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Guys, great job on the Flight Planning page. Looks better each time I read it. Cheers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Intrepidwerx (talk • contribs) 15:33, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Georgette Heyer

Fantastic that you're going to start working on the Heyer novels in depth - at the very least I promise to follow you around proof-reading, should it be required. --JennyRad 14:49, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

I have copies of about 2/3 of Heyer's books (my brother has almost all of them). From previous experience with other articles some proof reading will almost certainly be required. Thanks in advance. Murray Langton 20:29, 13 June 2006 (UTC)

Bicycle gearing

Thanks, man! I find the mph values very uncomfortable and the table wasn't even that hard to do. I'm researching into recumbent bikes in desire to build one myself and these gearing tables might be useful. Although I'm thinking about a jackshaft under the seat to 1.5x the cadence, to acquire higher speeds. I want a compact LWB with USS, streamlined and all-weather 8)) MiShogun 15:47, 4 July 2006 (UTC)

re: spellings

Thanks very much for your thoughts about my proposed post. I think I'll sit on it for a while though, in case someone else replies. Have a great day, — riana_dzasta • t • c • e • 15:26, 25 July 2006 (UTC)

Georgette Heyer

Hello! I saw that you linked to the Georgette Heyer page so I thought you might be a good person to ask a question or two, I hope you don't mind me bothering you! I'm a relatively new user, although I've been around without an account for ages, and I'm interested in removing the red wikilinks from Georgette Heyer's page, mainly the ones linking to her historical romances- I own almost all of them and have read them countless times. I did create Black Sheep but I don't think it's great. I was wondering whether you had any tips on the best style/layout/content for pages on her novels? Thankyou very much for your help. Farosdaughter 22:36, 16 November 2006 (UTC)

Re: Flight planning removal of 'Trivia'

Murray, I've (slowly/belatedly) replied to your comments on my talk page about the above. -- Rehnn83 ^Talk 22:18, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

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Cedric Armstrong

Murray,

I am trying to reach you and can't think of any other way than to add this section to your page.

Hope you remember me from London in 1972 and my wedding that you attended.

Thanks, Cedric Armstrong carmstro@san.rr.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.27.82.192 (talk) 13:42, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

Jump PC relative

Prob. not the correct way to do this, but thanks for the correction to the ref. My first intro to mediawiki editing. Jupiter258 (talk) 16:02, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

My point, perhaps not clear, was that using JumpEQ confused two different concepts

• Using a PC relative address, e.g. PC+offset
• Using a conditional test, e.g. if EQ.

But I do agree that the notion of addressing modes has many conflicting and interacting notions.

Also with newer processors (OK I'm showing my age) and memory mapping, an address has become a short cut for 'an address translated by descriptor table(s)'. So my addr1 and your addr1 may have the same value but point to different physical places. Worse yet addr1 may be different from addr2, but actually be aliased to the same place. OK my brain hurts. I try to leave this to compiler writers etc. Jupiter258 (talk) 19:09, 11 February 2009 (UTC)

odf and oc

Hello! Please open a title on the ODF talk page about your template and explain it in a few words, just like your template says. Naming the parties you mean would be helpful as well. Thanks! --grin ✎ 10:01, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

flying and aviation

Hey there Murray. I saw that you have made a lot of contributions to aviation-related articles on Wikipedia, specifically on the Flight Planning article. I'm a very new private pilot (got my certificate Apr 4th, 2010) who has started an aviation wiki because I could not find a single place to find and discover information about flying/aviation. I'm looking to start building a community to develop the content.. right now it's in *very* early stages, but feel free to check it out and edit however you like- we'll see how it shapes up. It's located at http://www.av8rs.org.

Newyhouse (talk) 12:50, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

While I did contribute a major portion of the Flight planning article, I should perhaps point out that I am a computer programmer, not a pilot, so my practical knowledge of aviation is rather small. As I mentioned in my requests for peer review, I work for a major commercial flight planning provider. My firm provides flight plans for airlines, so I know little if anything about the flight planning process for private pilots. Murray Langton (talk) 15:58, 6 April 2010 (UTC)

Fiona Stanley - good catch!

Sheesh - I don't know how that went unnoticed for so long - well done! :) DBaK (talk) 12:01, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Indendent

You're right! I was misled by the spelling "indendent" I had not thought of "intendent", a word not much used also in Italian ("intendente"). Thanks, --Eumolpo (talk) 18:17, 17 January 2011 (UTC)

Your summary request

Hi! We are not all time millionaries. I often make voluntary work here correcting for example spelling error. For example, I correct noraml, to normal, which means deleting one character and inserting another one. I hope you don't want me to add a 10 characters summary for a two character correction... No need to reply, thanks!Mazarin07 (talk) 15:06, 21 February 2011 (UTC)

File copyright problem with File:PhotoMurrayLangton.JPG

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Well done. feydey (talk) 10:00, 16 March 2011 (UTC)

camping

Your addition to the definition of the term "camping" has been tagged as requiring a source since soon after you added it. Since it is in the lead of the article, it would look much better if we could resolve this issue. Rmhermen (talk) 15:17, 23 May 2011 (UTC)

Bicycle gearing

Thanks for tidying up the terminology. I'm planning further changes to this article, but I'll try and keep to the 'standard'. Murray Langton (talk) 12:43, 22 June 2011 (UTC)

Not at all. You're doing all the heavy lifting. I just cleaned up a couple of simple things I spotted from the sidelines. -AndrewDressel (talk) 09:24, 23 June 2011 (UTC)

Helmets

link to article outlining cost/benefit analysis of cycle helmets: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1368064

How many gears

How many gears does a bike really need? Some references:

http://bicycleuniverse.info/eqp/gears.html

"How many gears do I need? Are more gears better?

The ever-increasing number of gears on bikes is mostly marketing hype. For the most part, all the extra gears are useless. My childhood bike had just 10 gears. Then bikes went to 15 gears. Then 18. Then 21. Now we're at 27. Do you really need that many gears? No. What you really need is a good range of gears. You need gears that are low enough for going up tough hills, and gears that are high enough that you can keep pedaling when going down gentle inclines. If your gear range is good, the number of gears is irrelevant.

You can't know the gear range of a bike by the number of gears it has. It's true that a bike with more gears often has a wider range than one with fewer gears, but not always, and even if it does, you don't necessarily need the widest gear-range possible. You just need enough of a range. (Think of it like this: There's no use in buying a car that goes 250 mph, because you're not allowed to drive that fast. More isn't necessarily better.) The only way to tell what the gear range of a bike is like is to take it on a test ride, going up the hardest hill you'll be going up in the future, and going as fast as you care to down a gentle incline.

In fact, if your area is relatively flat, you might not need gears at all. Or you might be able to get by with as little as three. As I write this, I'm in Osaka, Japan, where most bikes, including mine, have just three gears. The low gear isn't as low as I'd like for getting up hills, but it's good enough. If I were staying here longer, I'd get a bike shop to make the lower gear lower.

Yes, you can do that. If you've already got a bike and you're not happy with the gear range, you don't have to get a whole new bike. A bike shop can change either the front or rear rings (usually the front) to give you a higher range.

I hope this helps, and have fun with your gearing!"

http://www.rohloff.de/en/technology/speedhub/gear_shift_comparison/index.html

"Conclusion:

The particular demand of the bicycle rider determines the demand on the gear shifting system. Taken from table 1 and table 2 the lowest and highest gear is determined. The result is a necessary total gear ratio transmission of 500%. And if you accept only gear steps lower than 15%, a bicycle drive of 14-gears is resulting from this demand. If you are satisfied with lower total gear ratio transmission of e.g. 350% and larger gear steps are acceptable, eight or nine gears might be sufficient. With lower demands the necessary number of gears lessens."

http://www.kenkifer.com/bikepages/touring/gears.htm

"How Many Gears?

Assuming that we have decided on a high of 100 and a low of 20, now comes the hard step. How many gears are needed between 20 and 100? I experimented with a good variety of cogsets and chainrings, the cogsets from 14-21 to 14-36. What I discovered was that a 10% change between these gears seemed the most natural. In fact, my son's bike was set up with a 12% change, my touring bike with a 10% change, and my around town bike with an 8% change, so I have had lots of time to test these assumptions. Here's what happens: if the gear range is too wide, I'm wanting to shift gears when no gear is available, and when the gear range is too narrow, I tend to skip over them. The perfect gear change seems to me to be 10% while my son prefers his wider setup. I am sure that anything wider than 16% would be too wide.

So, just having a lot of gears or even an even progression of gears is not what I want. I want a 10% change, or close to it, from bottom to top. Let me show you what a perfect set of gears would be, starting from the bottom, based on 10%:

20 22 24 27 29 32 35 39 43 47 52 57 63 69 76 84 92 101

And here's a second set of perfect gears based on 12%:

20 22 25 28 31 35 39 44 50 55 62 70 80 87 98

Of course, due to the small number of teeth on cogs and chainrings, this perfect set of gears can only be approximated."

http://www.bikeforums.net/archive/index.php/t-44887.html

Discussion forum, not usable as reference directly, but general trend of comments is that lots of gears are for specialised situations.

http://www.bikeforums.net/archive/index.php/t-54093.html

Discussion forum, not usable as reference directly, but general trend of comments is that lots of gears are for specialised situations.

http://kentsbike.blogspot.com/2009/04/bicycle-gearing-rant.html

Individual blog, possibly not usable as reference directly.

"More gears is an example of 'feature creep'."

"I tell people that you need a low enough gear to climb what you want to climb, a high enough gear to go as fast as you want and enough gears in between that you don't feel that something is really missing. For some people, that's just one gear! Others will be happy with a three speed. Or a bike with seven gears in the back and three up front. And I'm sure there are some folks who really need a bike that goes to eleven. Maybe pro racers or the guys in Spinal Tap."

Gear shifting advice:

http://www.intownbicycles.com/how-to/articles/index.php?a=how-to-effectively-shift-your-bicycles-gears

http://www.bv.com.au/general/bikes-and-riding/41829/

Murray Langton (talk) 11:39, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Efficiency

What follows is just a few notes to myself regarding references for 'gearing efficiency' and related matters.

http://www.jhu.edu/~gazette/1999/aug3099/30pedal.html

Full text of which above is a summary is in:

http://www.ihpva.org/HParchive/PDF/hp50-2000.pdf

1. chains get up to 98.6% efficiency
2. big sprockets are better
3. in a dirt-free lab and using new chains, lubrication has no obvious effect
4. slight chain angles ahve little measurable effect on efficiency

"The mechanical efficiency of bicycle derailleur and hub-gear transmissions"

http://www.ihpva.org/HParchive/PDF/hp52-2001.pdf

This reports on efficiency tests for a variety of hub gear systems and a few derailleur gear systems.

Claim from shaft-drive producer for 92%-94% efficiency.

http://www.dynamicbicycles.com/chainless/commonquestions.php

More to come as time and enthusiasm permit. Murray Langton (talk) 15:01, 4 July 2011 (UTC)

This study http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169814197001042 suggests that a 4-speed gearing system is optimal. Power levels quoted (40/80/120 watts) probably apply to causual rather than racing cyclists.

This small-scale study http://members.shaw.ca/bicyclescience/drivetrain.PDF compares efficiency for single speed, 3-speed hub, 3-speed derailleur. Results similar to other reports.

This article http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1046/j.1460-2687.1999.00012.x/full confirms that larger sprockets are more efficient.

Here is a link to the Rohloff and Greb article (power input 400 watt): http colon //graham.hopto.org/bike/gear_efficiency_report.pdf but "graham.hopto.org" is on WIkipedias's blacklist

Murray Langton (talk) 12:06, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Link http://users.frii.com/katana/biketext.html indicates that around 10 to 12 mph is the cutoff between frictional power loss and resistance due to air, latter goes up as cube of the speed.

Found link http://www.hupi.org/HParchive/PDF/hp55/hp55p11-15.pdf to replace the blacklisted one above.

Also, link http://www.hupi.org/HParchive/PDF/ appears to have entire archive of Human Pwoer Journal, which needs to be looked through for useful articles, but many of the links are dead - further web searching needed.

Ranking of various hub gears (range, even steps): http://hubstripping.wordpress.com/internal-gear-hub-review/

Comparing Rolhoff with 27-speed derailleurs: http://www.rohloff.de/en/technology/speedhub/efficiency_measurement/

Typical power output, desirable gear steps: http://www.rohloff.de/en/technology/speedhub/gear_shift_comparison/index.html

Shaft-drive claims for efficiency (by manufacturer): http://www.sussex.com.tw/se5-1.htm

Maximum efficiency at relatively low cadence, also differences according to age: http://www.scribd.com/doc/40845349/Different-Effect-of-Cadaence-on-Cycling-Efficiency-Between-Young-and-Adults

Relative energy costs, including food productino and cyclist metabolic efficiency: http://www.ebikes.ca/sustainability/Ebike_Energy.pdf

Murray Langton (talk) 12:30, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

At lower power, efficiency tends to decrease as cadence increases: http://www2.bsn.de/Cycling/articles/cadence.html

Murray Langton (talk) 10:28, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Tyre efficiency

Reported to be some info re tyre efficiency in Bicycle Quarterly Autumn 2006 issue. This is the Vol. 5 No. 1 issue from http://www.bicyclequarterly.com but note that some observers remarked that the results are doubtful.

See also: http://www.livestrong.com/article/365089-the-proper-psi-for-bicycle-tires/ for notes re tyre pressures, and: http://www.sheldonbrown.com/tires.html for general notes on tyres and tubes, and: http://www.bikequarterly.com/images/TireDrop.pdf for tyre pressure/load relationship.

Quoting 15% for losses: http://users.frii.com/katana/biketext.html

Murray Langton (talk) 13:07, 18 July 2011 (UTC)

Rolling resistance of bicycle tyres: http://www.terrymorse.com/bike/rolres.html

Murray Langton (talk) 12:30, 20 July 2011 (UTC)

Suez Canal Inquiry

May I inquire why you reverted my edit of a comment, "this is not correct" on the Suez Canal article without explanation on the talk page? I have no desire to engage in an edit/revert battle, and perhaps I'm mistaken, but I believe that the adding of editorial comments to an article is contrary to Wikipedia guidelines. If the information given is incorrect, fixing or removing it seems to me to be the more constructive action to take. Carmaskid (talk) 02:50, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Whoops, sorry. I was trying to revert the edits by 212.23.31.171 and accidentally reverted your edit at the same time. Murray Langton (talk) 07:56, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Thanks for your response. Carmaskid (talk) 00:58, 19 October 2011 (UTC)

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Re: Tent

Hi Murray! You reverted my edit to Tent suggesting possible link spam. On the contrary, the old version linked to Gazebo which is about the permanent structure, rather than to portable gazebo (redirect: Pop up canopy) which is about the temporary one (which is what is depicted in both of those pictures). In Australia they are misleadingly (perhaps) referred to as gazebos, though that is a misnomer given that term (everywhere else) is reserved for the permanent garden/park structure. But you'll see from that article itself, the term "pop-up" is not synonymous with "self-erecting" (though to us Australians and you Brits that is certainly what it means). Several titles for the same thing in various countries/cultures redirect to that article.

The second of those two changes was to remove an obvious reference to someone's business that they had managed to sneak in. The second link to the same article isn't necessary, it's only that I've just added that very image to the Pop up canopy article and thought the link might be worthwhile. Would appreciate your thoughts and perhaps your reconsideration of the revert. Cheers, Stalwart111 21:48, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

I've undone your undo just to show you the better links referred to above. If you still strongly disagree, feel free to revert again (I certainly won't consider it edit-warring), I just thought it would be a quick way of showing you what I meant. Having looked again, it would seem there is a distinction to be made between the American's "pop-up canopy" and everyone-else's "portable gazebo". In Australia, a pop-up tent (we rarely use the term "canopy" unless talking about aircraft or trees, like you Poms) is something you literally thrown on the ground (or on the sand at the beach) and it self-erects into a small one-person sun shelter. A portable gazebo is rather heavier, comes in a large bag and has the classic scissor-motion aluminium frame (like the two depicted in the article, tent). Hope that's making more sense? Stalwart111 22:06, 2 June 2013 (UTC)

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I have granted rollback rights to your account. After a review of some of your contributions, I believe you can be trusted to use rollback for its intended usage of reverting vandalism, and that you will not abuse it by reverting good-faith edits or to revert-war. For information on rollback, see Wikipedia:New admin school/Rollback and Wikipedia:Rollback feature. If you do not want rollback, contact me and I will remove it. Good luck and thanks. 17:10, 27 January 2015 (UTC)– Gilliam (talk)

Delphi, Indent Style

The code given in the [3] article won't compile because the language requires a semi-colon at the end of the function declaration. Also, function parameters cannot be separated by a comma in the way it was written. Either "x: integer; y: integer" or "x ,y: integer;". It is true that in Pascal empty brackets and the last semi-colon in a block can be left off, but this is a common source of bugs so best avoided. Since the existing code is invalid Pascal code, I will correct it again. I am not trying to "make it look like C". Please do not rollback again. Thanks.

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Compliments of the season

	Merry Christmas
	Thanks for helping out at St Stephen's — at the church and now here too. We're also looking forward to January, when we will follow your lead and head for the hills! Andrew D. (talk) 14:44, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

Gooseneck

Just for your information, have a look at the second sentence of the lead of Stem (bicycle part). Maybe it's a geographic thing. This Australian has been long familiar with the term. HiLo48 (talk) 06:31, 24 September 2018 (UTC)

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Reverted your computer program edits

I reverted back your change to the definition of computer program. There's no single sentence that fits. Therefore, I cited an author's definition and sourced it. That's the best we've been able to do so far. However, we could reopening the subject in talk. Timhowardriley (talk) 17:24, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

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Bicycle maintenance and repair (draft)

new version

Like all devices with mechanical moving parts, bicycles do require a certain amount of regular maintenance and replacement of worn parts. A bicycle is relatively simple compared with a car, so some cyclists choose to do at least part of the maintenance themselves. Some components are easy to handle using relatively simple tools, while other components may require specialist manufacturer-dependent tools.

Many bicycle components are available at several different price/quality points; manufacturers generally try and keep all components on any particular bike at about the same quality level, though at the very cheap end of the market there may be some skimping on less obvious components (e.g. bottom bracket).

• There exist several hundred assisted-service Community Bicycle Organizations worldwide. At a Community Bicycle Organization, laypeople bring in bicycles needing repair or maintenance; volunteers teach them how to do the required steps.
• Full service is available from bicycle mechanics at a local bike shop. In areas where it is available, some cyclists purchase roadside assistance from companies such as the Better World Club or the American Automobile Association.

Maintenance

The most basic maintenance item is keeping the tires correctly inflated; this can make a noticeable difference as to how the bike feels to ride. Bicycle tires usually have a marking on the side wall indicating the pressure appropriate for that tire. Note that bicycles use much higher pressures than cars: car tires are normally in the range 30 to 40 pounds per square inch while bicycle tires are normally in the range 60 to 100 pounds per square inch.

Another basic maintenance item is regular lubrication of the chain and pivot points for derailleurs and brakes. Most of the bearings on a modern bike are sealed and grease-filled and require little or no attention.

The chain and the brake blocks are the components which wear out most quickly, so these need to be checked from time to time (typically every 500 miles or so). Most local bike shops will do such checks for free. Note that when a chain becomes badly worn it will also wear out the rear cogs/cassette and eventually the chain ring(s), so replacing a chain when only moderately worn will prolong the life of other components.

Over the longer term, tires do wear out (2000 to 5000 miles); a rash of punctures is often the most visible sign of a worn tire.

Repair

Very few bicycle components can actually be repaired; replacement of the failing component is the normal practice.

The most common roadside problem is a puncture. After removing the offending nail/tack/thorn/glass shard/etc. there are two approaches: either mend the puncture by the roadside, or replace the inner tube and then mend the puncture in the comfort of home. Some brands of tires are much more puncture resistant than others, often incorporating one or more layers of Kevlar; the downside of such tires is that they may be heavier and/or more difficult to fit and remove.

old version

Maintenance of adequate tire inflation is the most frequent and troublesome concern for cyclists and many means and methods are employed to preserve pneumatic integrity. Thicker tires, thicker tubes, tire liners (of a number of rather impenetrable devices installed between the tire and tube), liquid sealing compounds squeezed into the tube, and automotive-style patch kits are all used to reliably contain the typical tire pressures of 40 to 60 pounds per square inch that are required for bicycle operation. Thin, light bicycle tires are particularly vulnerable to penetration and subsequent deflation caused by goat's heads and other burs, colloquially known as stickers. Inflation of bicycle tires to pressures higher than typical for automotive use requires special pumps. The complexity of bicycle tire maintenance and repair may cause many to not consider the bicycle for transport or leisure.

Some bicycle parts, particularly hub-based gearing systems, require considerable torque for dis-assembly and may thus need professional services. Self-service and assisted-service maintenance and repair may be available.

• Some cyclists choose self-service: they maintain their own bicycles, perhaps as part of their enjoyment of the hobby of cycling or simply for economic reasons.
• There exist several hundred assisted-service Community Bicycle Organizations worldwide. At a Community Bicycle Organization, laypeople bring in bicycles needing repair or maintenance; volunteers teach them how to do the required steps.
• Full service is available from bicycle mechanics at a local bike shop. In areas where it is available, some cyclists purchase roadside assistance from companies such as the Better World Club or the American Automobile Association.

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Oops.

I legitimately thought that was something of a transcription error and did not understand that it was intended to be sarcastic. Sorry! ― Дрейгорич / Dreigorich Talk 21:22, 4 January 2020 (UTC)

Better short description

If you indeed say my short description is wrong, please correct it by rewriting the short description instead of reverting it. I would recommend reading Wikipedia:Short description, a page dedicated to the aim of providing short descriptions among all pages on Wikipedia. Qwertyxp2000 (talk | contribs) 08:45, 18 February 2020 (UTC)

Word sizes

In your edit to Comparison of instruction set architectures you added a word size of 39. Was that a typo for 36, which was a very common word size? If not, then it's unusual enough to deserve a citation. In either case the list should include 36, which was used on many machines from 1950 on. Shmuel (Seymour J.) Metz Username:Chatul (talk) 09:23, 13 May 2020 (UTC)

Bootstrapping

WP:CHALLENGE: "All content must be verifiable. The burden to demonstrate verifiability lies with the editor who adds or restores material" This means you. This also means that this edit of yours could already be seen as edit warring. I did challenge the claim that bootstrapping is a chicken and egg type problem, now it is upon you to prove this claim, if you still want it in the article. FFS, you have been around here longer than I, you should know this! Paradoctor (talk) 14:37, 23 May 2020 (UTC)

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Revised text for: Statement (computer science)

In computer programming, a statement is a syntactic unit of an imperative programming language that expresses some action to be carried out. A program written in such a language is formed by a sequence of one or more statements. A statement may have internal components (e.g., expressions).

Many imperative languages (e.g. Algol 60, C, Pascal) make a distinction between statements and definitions/declarations. A definition or declaration specifies the data on which a program is to operate, while a statement specifies the actions to be taken with that data.

A distinction can also be made between simple and compound statements; the latter may contain statements as components. The Algol 60 Report provides formal descriptions and examples of both simple statements and compound statements.

---

RISC - thoughts on possible edits

Current lead

A reduced instruction set computer, or RISC (/rɪsk/), is a computer with a small, highly optimized set of instructions, rather than the more specialized set often found in other types of architecture, such as in a complex instruction set computer (CISC). The main distinguishing feature of RISC architecture is that the instruction set is optimized with a large number of registers and a highly regular instruction pipeline, allowing a low number of clock cycles per instruction (CPI). Core features of a RISC philosophy are a load/store architecture, in which memory is accessed through specific instructions rather than as a part of most instructions in the set, and requiring only single-cycle instructions.

New Lead

A reduced instruction set computer or RISC (/rɪsk/)) is a computer where the design aim is to simplify individual machine instructions. Any given task may require more instructions as compared with a complex instruction set computer (CISC) computer, but the individual instructions are simpler, can often be executed faster, and it may be easier to provide a fast pipelined implementation.

The key concept is that each instruction does only one thing (e.g. copy a value from memory to a register), rather than several things (e.g. obtain a value from memory and add that value to a register). RISC computers generally have a moderately large number (16 or 32) of high-speed general-purpose registers. They have a load/store architecture, whereby instructions to access the main memory are completely separate from those register-register instructions which perform arithmetic or carry out tests. Furthermore, RISC computers only have a very small number of simple addressing modes.

Current instruction set philosophy

A common misunderstanding of the phrase "reduced instruction set computer" is that instructions are simply eliminated, resulting in a smaller set of instructions. In fact, over the years, RISC instruction sets have grown in size, and today many of them have a larger set of instructions than many CISC CPUs. Some RISC processors such as the PowerPC have instruction sets as large as the CISC IBM System/370, for example; conversely, the DEC PDP-8—clearly a CISC CPU because many of its instructions involve multiple memory accesses—has only 8 basic instructions and a few extended instructions. The term "reduced" in that phrase was intended to describe the fact that the amount of work any single instruction accomplishes is reduced—at most a single data memory cycle—compared to the "complex instructions" of CISC CPUs that may require dozens of data memory cycles in order to execute a single instruction.

The term load/store architecture is sometimes preferred.

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Removes true statements at IEEE 754

The latest example.

They should be fired anywhere. 95.26.146.215 (talk) 06:41, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

I didn't say that the removed statements were false. I just said that that level of detail was not appropriate for the lead of the article. Murray Langton (talk) 06:50, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

What does the phrase 'They should be fired anywhere' mean? It doesn't make any sense to me. Murray Langton (talk) 06:52, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

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