Natalie Griffin de Blois (April 2, 1921 in Paterson, New Jersey - July 22, 2013 in Chicago) was an American architect. She began her architectural career in 1944 and became known as a pioneer in the male-dominated world of architecture. She was a partner for many years in the firm of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill. Her notable works include Pepsi building, Lever House, and the Union Carbide Building in New York City, the Equitable Building in Chicago, and the Connecticut General Life Insurance Company Headquarters in Bloomfield, Connecticut. She later taught architecture at the University of Texas in the 1980s and 1990s.
Early years edit
De Blois was born in Paterson, New Jersey into a family of three generations of engineers[1] She was interested in architecture from an early age saying in 2004, "I was selected to be the one that would go into art. I told my father that I wanted to be an architect from the age of ten or twelve."[2] She attended the Western College for Women in Oxford, Ohio, and received an architecture degree from Columbia University in 1944.[3][4]
Architectural career edit
DeBlois began her career at a New York firm, Ketchum, Gina, and Sharpe,[3] but was fired after "rebuff[ing] the affections" of one of the firm's male architects, who asked for her to be fired.[5] She then joined the architectural firm Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM).[6] While working at SOM, De Blois became known as a "pioneer" as a female architect in the "male-dominated world of architecture."[5] She designed a number of major business buildings on Park Avenue in New York City, including the Pepsi building, Lever House, and the Union Carbide Building (now known as the Chase Building).[7] She worked with Gordon Bunshaft on the Pepsi building, which was completed in 1960 and was "praised by critics for its gem-like, seemingly levitating exterior walls of gray-green glass and aluminum."[4]
She transferred to the Chicago branch of SOM in 1962, continuing to work on skyscrapers in Chicago until 1974.[6] While there, she founded the Chicago Women in Architecture.[6] Her works in Chicago include the Equitable Building.
De Blois joined Neuhaus & Taylor (now known as 3-D International) in Houston in 1974.[6] In 1980, she began teaching at the University of Texas School of Architecture, and was a faculty member until 1993.[6]
Notable projects edit
- Union Carbide Building (now known as the Chase Building), 270 Park Avenue, New York - Completed 1960, de Blois Senior Designer[6]
- New York State Building, 5 East 57th Street, New York - Designer of 1946 renovation
- Terrace Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati, Ohio - 1948, Design Coordinator
- Lever House, New York - 1952, Design Coordinator
- Pepsi Cola Headquarters, 500 Park Avenue, New York - Senior Designer
- Emhart Manufacturing Company Building - 1962, Senior Designer
- Connecticut General Life Insurance Company Headquarters, Bloomfield, Connecticut - 1957, Senior Designer
- Equitable Building, Chicago[5]
Awards edit
- Fulbright fellowship to study at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts
- Edward J. Romieniec Award, recognizing an outstanding architectural educator, by the Texas Society of Architects
- Named honoree of the Natalie de Blois scholarship, UT Austin
- Fellow of the AIA (1974)
Further research edit
- Oral history of Natalie de Blois. Interview by Betty J. Blum, Chicago Architects Oral History Project, Ernest R. Graham Study Center for Architectural Drawings, Department of Architecture, the Art Institute of Chicago.
- Susana Torre, Women in American Architecture: A Historic and Contemporary Perspective
- Natalie de Blois papers, University of Texas Architecture School
- AIA Historical Directory of American Architects
Notes edit
- ^ Blum, Betty J (September 2004). "Natalie de Blois and the Connecticut General LIfe Insurance Building" (PDF). Docomomo Journal. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ Mertens, Detlef (17 June 2004). "Natalie de Blois Interviewed by Detlef Mertins". Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
- ^ a b "Natalie Griffin de Blois", Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation (last visited July 31, 2013).
- ^ a b Blair Kamin (August 1, 2013). "Natalie de Blois dies at 92; pioneering female architect". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ a b c Obituary, Chicago Tribune, July 30, 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "Union Carbide Building", Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation (last visited July 31, 2013).
- ^ David W. Dunlap, "An Architect Whose Work Stood Out, Even If She Didn't", New York Times, Aug. 1, 2013.
Jetty edit
| Developer(s) | Eclipse Foundation |
|---|---|
| Stable release | 9.0.4
/ 26 June 2013[1] |
| Written in | Java |
| Operating system | Cross-platform (JVM) |
| Type | Web server Servlet |
| License | Apache License 2.0, Eclipse Public License 1.0 |
| Website | eclipse.org/jetty |
Jetty is a pure Java-based HTTP (Web) server and Java Servlet container. While Web Servers are usually associated with serving documents to humans, Jetty is now often used for machine to machine communications, usually within larger software frameworks. Jetty is developed as a free and open source project as part of the Eclipse Foundation. The web server is used in products such as ActiveMQ,[2] Alfresco,[3] Apache Geronimo,[4] Apache Maven, Google App Engine,[5] Eclipse,[6] FUSE,[7] Twitter's Streaming API[8] and Zimbra.[9] Jetty is also the server in open source projects such as Lift, Eucalyptus, Red5 and Hadoop.[10] Jetty supports the latest Java Servlet API (with JSP support) as well as protocols SPDY and WebSocket.
Overview edit
Developed as an independent open source project, in 2009 Jetty moved to Eclipse.[11][12] Jetty provides Web services in an embedded Java application and it is already a component of the Eclipse IDE. It supports AJP, JASPI, JMX, JNDI, OSGi, WebSocket and other Java technologies.[5]
History edit
Originally developed in the Sydney suburb of Balmain by software engineer Greg Wilkins, Jetty was originally a HTTP server component of Mort Bay Server; Mort Bay being an area of Balmain.[13]
Jetty was originally called IssueTracker (its original application) and then MBServler (Mort Bay SERVLet servER). Neither of these were much liked, so Jetty was finally picked.[13]
Jetty was started in 1995 and was hosted by MortBay, creating version 1.x and 2.x, until 2000. From 2000 to 2005, Jetty was hosted by sourceforge.net where version 3.x, 4.x, and 5.x were produced. In 2005, the entire Jetty project moved to codehaus.org.[14] As of 2009, the core components of Jetty have been moved to Eclipse.org, and Codehaus.org continues to provide integrations, extensions, and packaging of Jetty versions 7.x and 8.x (not 9.x)[15][16]
Use in Hadoop edit
Apache Hadoop is an example of how Jetty is used in a framework. Hadoop uses Jetty as a web server for different uses in several modules:
- The NameNode and the JobTracker use Jetty to serve their admin pages.[17]
- The TraskTracker uses Jetty to receive the map, reduce and shuffle operations from the JobTracker.[17]
In Hadoop 0.23, Jetty has been replaced by Netty in the Tasktracker for shuffle operations.[18]
| Version | Home | Java Version | Protocols | Servlet Version | JSP Version | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9.1.x | Eclipse | 1.7 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616, WebSocket JSR356, SPDY | 3.1 | 2.2 | Development |
| 9.0.x | Eclipse | 1.7 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616, WebSocket, SPDY | 3.0 (tracking 3.1 drafts) | 2.2 | Stable[19] |
| 8.x | Eclipse, Codehaus | 1.6 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616, WebSocket, SPDY | 3.0 | 2.1 | Stable |
| 7.x | Eclipse, Codehaus | 1.5, J2ME | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616, WebSocket, SPDY | 2.5 | 2.1 | Stable |
| 6.x | Codehaus | 1.4–1.5 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616 | 2.5 | 2.0 | Deprecated[20] |
| 5.x | Sourceforge | 1.2–1.5 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616 | 2.4 | 2.0 | Deprecated |
| 4.x | Sourceforge | 1.2, J2ME | HTTP/1.1 RFC2616 | 2.3 | 1.2 | Ancient |
| 3.x | Sourceforge | 1.2 | HTTP/1.1 RFC2068 | 2.2 | 1.1 | Fossilized |
| 2.x | Mortbay | 1.1 | HTTP/1.0 RFC1945 | 2.1 | 1.0 | Legendary |
| 1.x | Mortbay | 1.0 | HTTP/1.0 RFC1945 | Mythical |
See also edit
- Application server
- List of Java application servers
- Java Platform, Enterprise Edition
- Java Servlet
- JavaServer Pages
References edit
- ^ "[jetty-announce] Announcing: Jetty 9.0.4.v20130625 last=Erdfelt". Jetty mailing list. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
{{cite web}}:|first=missing|last=(help); Missing pipe in:|title=(help) - ^ "ActiveMQ with Ajax and Jetty". Jetty Wike (Codehaus). Retrieved 2011-04-12.
- ^ JM.Pascal (April 2010). "Maven + Alfresco : Jetty, Boostrap and Profil". Going to an OpenSource ECM World.... Retrieved 2011-04-12.
- ^ "Configuring Virtual Hosts in Geronimo-Jetty". Apache Geronimo Documentation. Retrieved 2011-04-12.
- ^ a b Wickesser, Craig (5 August 2009). "Google Chose Jetty for App Engine". InfoQ. C4Media Inc. Retrieved 12 Apr 2011.
- ^ "jetty://". Eclipse. Retrieved 12 Apr 2011.
- ^ "class JettyHttpComponent". FuseSource. Red Hat. Retrieved 12 Apr 2011.[dead link]
- ^ "Twitter Streaming API and Apache Wink". Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- ^ Zhuang, JJ (18 December 2007). "Zimbra Blog: Why we switched to Jetty". Zimbra. VMware. Retrieved 12 Apr 2011.
- ^ "Powered by Jetty". Retrieved 24 Sept 2012.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - ^ Lieber, Adam (December 2008). "Jetty: The Twelve Year Journey to Market Maturity". Linux Gazette. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
- ^ "About Jetty". Codehaus. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ a b http://wiki.eclipse.org/Jetty/FAQ#Why_is_it_called_Jetty.3F
- ^ http://sourceforge.net/mailarchive/forum.php?thread_name=4386295B.9020103%40mortbay.com&forum_name=jetty-discuss
- ^ a b About Jetty, Located on Codehaus.
- ^ a b About Jetty, Located on Eclipse.
- ^ a b Stack and Laffoon, Mark (July 23,). "HBase, mail # user - servlet container (embedded jetty)". Retrieved 11 October 2013.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/jetty-announce/msg00043.html
- ^ http://dev.eclipse.org/mhonarc/lists/jetty-announce/msg00026.html
External links edit
Category:Free software programmed in Java
Category:Free web server software