from [Mycobacterium]
Pathogenicity edit
The development of Hansen’s disease is caused by infection with either Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Roughly 200,000 new cases of infection are reported each year, and 80% of new [1]cases are reported in Brazil, India, and Indonesia.[2] M. leprae infection localizes within the skin macrophages and Schwann cells found in peripheral nerve tissue.
A collection of Nontuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) that exclude M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. lepromatosisare readily available to infect mammalian hosts. Such species are referred to as "atypical mycobacteria." Although person-to-person transmission is rare, transmission of M. abscessus has been observed between patients with cystic fibrosis.[3] The four primary disease observed in humans are chronic pulmonary disease, disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients, skin and soft tissue infections, and superficial lymphadenitis. 80-90% of recorded NTM infections manifest as Pulmonary disease.[4]
M. abscessus is the most virulent rapidly-growing mycobacteria (RGM), as well as the leading cause of RGM based pulmonary infections. Although it has been traditionally viewed as an opportunistic pathogen like other NTM's, analysis of various virulence factors (VF's) have shifted this view to that of a true pathogen. This is due to the presence of known mycobacterial VFs and other non-mycobacterial VF's found in other prokaryotic pathogens.[4]
.
| Organism | Common Symptoms of Infection | Known Treatments | Reported Cases (Region, Year) |
|---|---|---|---|
| M. tuberculosis | Fatigue, weight loss, fever, hemoptysis, chest pain.[5] | isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol.[6] | 1.6 Million (Global, 2021) (https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022) |
| M. leprae | Skin discoloration, nodule development, dry skin, loss of eyebrows and/or eyelashes, numbness, nosebleeds, paralysis, blindness, nerve pain.[7] | dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.[7] | 133, 802 (Global, 2021) (https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-wer9736-429-450) |
| M. lepromatosis | Skin discoloration, nodule development, dry skin, loss of eyebrows and/or eyelashes, numbness, nosebleeds, paralysis, blindness, nerve pain.[7] | dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.[7] | Estimated in conjunction with M. leprae |
| M. avium complex | Tender skin, development of boils or pus-filled vesicles, fevers, chills, muscle aches.[8] | clarithromycin, azithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.[9] | 3000 (US, Annual)(https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008055232-3.60891-8) |
| M. abscessus complex | Coughing, hemoptysis, fever, cavitary lesions.[10] | clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.[10] | Unknown |
| Organism | Number of Protein Coding Genes |
|---|---|
| M. intracellulare | 5,289 (https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000595205) |
| M. colombiense | 5,084 (https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000250915) |
| M. leprae | 1,603 (https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000806) |
| M. tuberculosis | 4,000 (https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/272631) |
| M. smegmatis | 6,602(https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000757) |
| M. chelonae | 4,948(https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000317728) |
- ^ Ferrell, Kia C.; Johansen, Matt D.; Triccas, James A.; Counoupas, Claudio (2022-03-03). "Virulence Mechanisms of Mycobacterium abscessus: Current Knowledge and Implications for Vaccine Design". Frontiers in Microbiology. 13: 842017. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.842017. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 8928063. PMID 35308378.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Sugawara-Mikami, Mariko; Tanigawa, Kazunari; Kawashima, Akira; Kiriya, Mitsuo; Nakamura, Yasuhiro; Fujiwara, Yoko; Suzuki, Koichi (2022-12-31). "Pathogenicity and virulence of Mycobacterium leprae". Virulence. 13 (1): 1985–2011. doi:10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987. ISSN 2150-5594. PMC 9635560. PMID 36326715.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ "Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections | HAI | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-08-12. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
- ^ a b To, Kimberly; Cao, Ruoqiong; Yegiazaryan, Aram; Owens, James; Venketaraman, Vishwanath (2020-08-06). "General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus". Journal of Clinical Medicine. 9 (8): 2541. doi:10.3390/jcm9082541. ISSN 2077-0383. PMC 7463534. PMID 32781595.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Fact Sheets | General | Tuberculosis: General Information | TB | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-08-17. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ Association, American Lung. "Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis". www.lung.org. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ a b c d "Signs and Symptoms | Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2023-04-25.
- ^ "Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings | HAI | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-11-15. Retrieved 2023-04-27.
- ^ Weng, Ya-Wei; Huang, Chun-Kai; Sy, Cheng-Len; Wu, Kuan-Sheng; Tsai, Hung-Chin; Lee, Susan Shin-Jung (2020-06-01). "Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex–lung disease". Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. Consensus Statement of Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease in Taiwan. 119: S58–S66. doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028. ISSN 0929-6646.
- ^ a b Huang, Yi-Ching; Liu, Meei-Fang; Shen, Gwan-Han; Lin, Chin-Fu; Kao, Chih-Chuan; Liu, Po-Yu; Shi, Zhi-Yuan (2010-10-01). "Clinical Outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus Infection and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing". Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 43 (5): 401–406. doi:10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1. ISSN 1684-1182.