There are a number of systems in existence for writing Southern Min languages of the Xiamen/Taiwan/Hokkien variety. By 1999 there were some 64 such systems for Taiwanese.[1] Most are romanizations, but there are also other systems based on Zhuyin Fuhao or katakana, or inspired by Hangul.
Initials edit
Note that most of the romanizations do not distinguish between [ts] and [tɕ], or between [tsʰ] and [tɕʰ]. However, because these are allophones of each other in Taiwanese, no confusion arises as to what sound is meant in a particular syllable. Note also that Pumindian does not distinguish [l], [n], and [ʑ], rendering all three as <l>. This is not a problem in the Xiamen version of Southern Min where these three phonemes have merged into [l], but for Taiwanese Southern Min, either all three are distinct, or only [l] and [ʑ] have merged into [l], depending on the particular dialect.
IPA | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | Tai-lo[2] | Revised TLPA | Daighi tongiong pingim | Pumindian[3][4] | MLT | TPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | b | b | b | bh | bb | b | ㆠ |
p | p | p | p | b | b | p | ㄅ |
pʰ | ph | ph | ph | p | p | ph | ㄆ |
m | m | m | m | m | m | m | ㄇ |
t | t | t | t | d | d | t | ㄉ |
tʰ | th | th | th | t | t | th | ㄊ |
n | n | n | n | n | l | n | ㄋ |
l | l | l | l | l | l | l | ㄌ |
g | g | g | g | gh | gg | g | ㆣ |
k | k | k | k | g | g | k | ㄍ |
kʰ | kh | kh | kh | k | k | kh | ㄎ |
ŋ | ng | ng | ng | ng | gg | ng | ㄫ |
h | h | h | h | h | h | h | ㄏ |
ts | ch | ts | c | z | z | z | ㄗ |
tɕ | ch | ts | c | z | z | z | ㄐ |
tsʰ | chh | tsh | ch | c | c | zh | ㄘ |
tɕʰ | chh | tsh | ch | c | c | zh | ㄑ |
s | s | s | s | s | s | s | ㄙ |
ʑ | j | j | j | r | l | j | ㆢ |
Finals edit
For Modern Literal Taiwanese, the base form of the final is given, in the seventh tone (fourth tone for syllables ending with a stop).
IPA | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | Tai-lo | Revised TLPA | Daighi tongiong pingim | Pumindian | MLT | TPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | a | a | a | a | ㄚ |
aʔ | ah | ah | ah | ah | ah | aq/ah | ㄚㆷ |
ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ㄞ |
aiʔ | aih | aih | aih | aih | aih | aih | ㄞㆷ |
ak | ak | ak | ak | ak | ak | ak | ㄚㆶ |
am | am | am | am | am | am | am | ㆰ |
an | an | an | an | an | an | an | ㄢ |
aŋ | ang | ang | ang | ang | ang | ang | ㄤ |
ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap | ㄚㆴ |
at | at | at | at | at | at | at | ㄚㆵ |
au | au | au | au | ㄠ | |||
auʔ | auh | ㄠㆷ | |||||
aⁿ | ㆯ | ||||||
ahⁿ | ㆩㆷ | ||||||
aiⁿ | ㆮ | ||||||
aihⁿ | ㆮㆷ | ||||||
auⁿ | ㆯ |
auhⁿ e eh ek eng eⁿ ehⁿ i ia iah iak iam ian iang iap iat iau iauh ih
in io ioh iok iong
it iu iuh iⁿ iaⁿ iahⁿ iauⁿ iauhⁿ ihⁿ io͘ⁿ iuⁿ m mh ng ngh o oa oah oai
oan oang oat oe oeh oh ok
ong
oaⁿ oaiⁿ oaihⁿ oeⁿ oehⁿ o͘ o͘ⁿ o͘h o͘hⁿ u uh ui uih un ut uⁿ uiⁿ
Tones and nasalization edit
Tone number | IPA | Pe̍h-ōe-jī | Tai-lo | Revised TLPA | Daighi tongiong pingim | Pumindian | MLT | TPS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | a˥ | a | a | a1 | a | ā | af | ㄚ |
2 | a˥˧ | á | á | a2 | à | ǎ | ar | ㄚˋ |
3 | ˨˩ | à | à | a3 | â | à | ax | ㄚᒻ |
4 | aʔ˩ | ah | ah | ah4 | āh | āh | aq | ㄚㆷ |
5 | a˧˥ | â | â | a5 | ǎ | á | aa | ㄚˊ |
7 | a˧ | ā | ā | a7 | ā | â | a | ㄚ˫ |
8 | aʔ˥ | a̍h | a̍h | ah8 | ah | áh | ah | ㄚㆷ̇ |
References edit
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Iûⁿ Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ Ha̍k-khiam (1999). "台灣福佬話非漢字拼音符號的回顧與分析 (Comparison and Analysis of non-Character Transcription Systems for Taiwanese Holo)" (in Chinese). Tainan: National Cheng Kung University. Retrieved 2009-12-17.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Lin Baoqing. Minnanhua Jiaocheng (Southern Min Textbook). Xiamen, Fujian: Xiamen University Press. ISBN 7-5615-0531-0.
- Tseng Rui-cheng (2009). Taiwan Minnanyu Luomazi Pinyin Fang'an Shiyong Shouce (Practical Manual for the Taiwan Southern Min Romanization System) (PDF) (in Chinese). ROC Ministry of Education. ISBN 978-986-01-6637-8.