Some philosophers, such as Jeremy Bentham, Baruch Spinoza, and Descartes, have hypothesized that the sensations of pain and pleasure are part of a continuum.
There is strong evidence for biological connections between the neurochemical pathways used for the perception of pain and those involved in the perception of pleasure and other psychological rewards.
Perception of pain edit
Sensory input systems edit
- Nociceptors, anterolateral and spinothalamic tract system
Neural coding edit
- Cortical regions
Perception of pleasure edit
- Definition- pleasure v.s. alleviation of pain
Sensory input systems edit
- Taste, olfaction, auditory (musical), visual (art), sexual
Dopamine system edit
Opioid system edit
Neural coding edit
- Nucleus accumbens, VTA, amygdala, other cortical and subcortical regions
Psychology of pleasure edit
Pain and pleasure on a continuum edit
Arguments for pain and pleasure on a continuum edit
Common neuroanatomy edit
- amygdala, pallidum, nucleus accumbens [1]
Placebo analgesia edit
Arguments against pain and pleasure on a continuum edit
Asymmetry between pain and pleasure edit
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
Evolutionary hypotheses edit
- Leknes and Tracey's view
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
Motivation-decision model edit
Opponent process theory edit
Leknes and Tracey's explanation of this theory [2]
Clinical applications edit
Related diseases edit
Animal trials edit
Deep brain stimulation edit
- Dr. Kringelbach's quote (Dr.Morten L. Kringelbach, personal communication, October 24, 2011)
Drugs and medication edit
References edit
1. Almeida, T. F., Roizenblatt, S., & Tufik, S. (2004). "Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review." Brain Research, 1000(1-2), 40-56.
2. Apkarian, A. V., Bushnell, M. C., Treede, R. D., & Zubieta, J. K. (2005). "Human brain mechanisms of pain perception and regulation in health and disease." European Journal of Pain, 9(4), 463-484.
3. Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2008). "Affective neuroscience of pleasure: reward in humans and animals." Psychopharmacology, 199(3), 457-480.
4. Braithwaite, V. A., & Boulcott, P. (2007). "Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 75(2), 131-138.
5. Cavanna, A. E., Cauda, F., D'Agata, F., Sacco, K., Duca, S., & Geminiani, G. (2011). "Mapping Pleasure Pathways: The Functional Connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens." Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 23(2), 30-30.
6. Esch, T., & Stefano, G. B. (2004). "The neurobiology of pleasure, reward processes, addiction and their health implications." Neuroendocrinology Letters, 25(4), 235-251.
7. [1]Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2010). Pleasures of the Brain. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, Inc.
8. Kringelbach, M. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2009). "Towards a functional neuroanatomy of pleasure and happiness." Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 13(11), 479-487.
9. Kumazawa, T. (1998). "Primitivism and plasticity of pain - implication of polymodal receptors." Neuroscience Research, 32(1), 9-31.
10. Lamm, C., Decety, J., & Singer, T. (2011). "Meta-analytic evidence for common and distinct neural networks associated with directly experienced pain and empathy for pain." Neuroimage, 54(3), 2492-2502.
11. [2]Leknes, S., Brooks, J. C. W., Wiech, K., & Tracey, I. (2008). "Pain relief as an opponent process: a psychophysical investigation." European Journal of Neuroscience, 28(4), 794-801.
12. Leknes, S., & Tracey, I. (2008). "Science & society - A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure." Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 9(4), 314-320. Web of Science, Pain and Pleasure.
13. Lieberman, M. D., & Eisenberger, N. I. (2009). "NEUROSCIENCE Pains and Pleasures of Social Life." Science, 323(5916), 890-891.
14. Ploner, M., Lee, M. C., Wiech, K., Bingel, U., & Tracey, I. (2011). "Flexible Cerebral Connectivity Patterns Subserve Contextual Modulations of Pain." Cerebral Cortex, 21(3), 719-726.
15. Rolls, E. T., O'Doherty, J., Kringelbach, M. L., Francis, S., Bowtell, R., & McGlone, F. (2003). "Representations of pleasant and painful touch in the human orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices." Cerebral Cortex, 13(3), 308-317.
16. Sukel, K. (2011). "The pathways of pleasure." New Scientist, 210(2812), 6-+.
See also edit
External links edit
- BBC News report: Brain links pain with pleasure
- White JM (September 2004). "Pleasure into pain: the consequences of long-term opioid use". Addict Behav. 29 (7): 1311–24. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.06.007. PMID 15345267.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Pain and pleasure in philosophy
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NEG_Lq2-1w&feature=related
- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6HNk1c-Xdk
Category:Pain Category:Neurology Category:Perception
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