Psundd

Articles to consider working on

Fluctuating Asymmetry because the current page is pretty basic - no images or diagrams, no in-depth description of how FA is calculated, no information on the different types of FA (directional or non-directional), and while there is some research on FA and it's relation to other findings in Evolutionary Pschyology, more could be added.

Female Copulatory Vocalisations because there's currently no content on causing paternal confusion to prevent infanticide, nor on why females do not always vocally reveal fertility phase, nor on the effects of high ranking females being in the audience.

Cosmetic Surgery I think it will be really interesting to look at evolutionary explanations - only psychological mention I can see is the one mentioning body dismorphic disorder. Could be useful to bring in ideas surrounding how symmetry plays a part in attractiveness, or why people make the changes they do in evolutionary terms (ie. breast enlargement to seem more fertile?)

Final article to be edited

As part of a group I will be working on the Uxoricide article.

Some ideas and their accompanying sources are as follows:

Dobash, R. P., Dobashm, R. E., Wilson, M., & Daly, M. (1992). The Myth of Sexual Symmetry in Marital Violence. Social Problems, 39(1). 71-91. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3096914. (idea that men and women are equally as violent to each other - not true)

Jewkes, R., Levin, J., & Penn-Kekanaa, L. (2002). Risk factors for domestic violence: findings from a South African cross-sectional study. Social Science & Medicine, 55(9), 1603-1617. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00294-5 (idea that society shapes views on domestic violence - linked with woman's status and assertion of power)

Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (2003). Male honor and female fidelity: Implicit cultural scripts that perpetuate domestic violence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(5), 997-1010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.997 (again a link with culture - in honor societies, more commonplace. could be seen as a potential cause alongside infidelity etc etc?)

Daly, M., Wiseman, K. A., & Wilson, M. I. (1997). Women with children sired by previous partners incur excess risk of Uxoricide. Homicide Studies, 1, 61-71. doi: 10.1177/1088767997001001005 (Explanation for killing of wives with children from other men - definite evolutionary link. Must be careful not to use evolution to excuse the behaviour)

Brewer, V. E., & Paulsen, D. J. (1999). A Comparison of U.S. and Canadian Findings on Uxoricide Risk for Women with Children Sired by Previous Partners. Homicide Studies, 3(4), 317-332. doi: 10.1177/1088767999003004004 (replicated above study cross culturally and echoed same results)

Shackelford, T. K. (2001), Cohabitation, marriage, and murder: Woman-killing by male romantic partners. Aggressive Behaviour, 27, 284–291. doi: 10.1002/ab.1011 (differences between cohabitating and married uxoricide, age differences etc.)

General edits to be made: change the definition to include non-married significant others, include statistics on rates of uxoricide, include more "See Other" links

Provisional Final Article Edit - Cultural considerations

Some instances of Uxoricide are facilitated by the culture of the victim and the perpetrator. For example, honor killings, whereby a man kills his wife because she has brought shame upon their family, are approved in some male-dominated, patriarchal societies. Approximately 42% of female victims of honour killings worldwide were killed because it was believed they had committed a 'sexual impropriety'.Other facilitating cultural norms include discriminatory family laws and articles in the Criminal Code which display leniency towards honor killings. In Turkey, it has been reported that little social stigma is attached to honor killings, and around 37% of those living in conservative areas believe that adulterous women should be killed.These attitudes favouring honor killings have also been echoed amongst children and adults in Jordan and India. Laws in Pakistan and Uruguay allow honor killings where a woman has been unfaithful, enforcing no punishment on those who murdered her.

Uxoricide can also be prevalent in countries where honor killings aren't considered acceptable. In South Africa, for example, as many as five women are estimated to be killed each week by an intimate partner. Jewkes, Levin and Penn-Kekana (2002) suggest that this high rate of Uxoricide is a result of the prevalence of violence in South African Society, and how it is deemed socially acceptable in many circumstances. The authors also discuss the notion that conservative attitudes in this society can also facilitate Uxoricide. Studies conducted in Italy exhibit similar findings, reporting that a man's cultural values concerning the position of women in society links to his likelihood of committing Uxoricide.

Provisional Final Article Edit - Psychodynamic Approach

Proponents of Psychodynamic theories have offered explanations for the mechanisms underlying the occurrence of Uxoricide. It has been suggested that men who kill their partners experience both an unconscious dependence on their wife and a resentment of her. These men wish to leave the relationship, but unknowingly perceive themselves as too helpless to do so, which culminates into a belief that killing the wife is the only way to be free of her.. This approach also offers an alternative explanation for instances where a man commits uxoricide and subsequent immediate suicide - the man ends his life not due to guilt, but instead due to his percieved helplessness and dependency.

Links have also been established between violence in childhood and likelihood of uxoricide occurring. Adams (2009) argued that being the victim of abuse in childhood leads to being a perpretator of domestic abuse in adulthood via the route of defense mechanisms - in this case, violence is an unconscious defensive adaption to childhood trauma and other adverse events. Other psychodynamic researchers have reported that Thematic Apperception tests reveal significant trends of rejection by a mother or wife in men who commit uxoricide.

Psychoanalytic dream interpretation has also argued that unconscious conflict manifests into violent outbursts. For example, Karpman (1957) reported that prior to murdering his wife, one man had recorded over 200 distressing, mostly violent dreams.