| Vitamin D deficiency | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hypovitaminosis D |
 | |
| The normal process of Vitamin D absorption | |
| Symptoms | None, muscle pain, weakness, muscle contractions[1][2] |
| Complications | Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis[3] |
| Causes | Inadequate sunlight exposure, decreased dietary intake, kidney problems, decreased absorption from the gut[4][1] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood 25(OH)D < 50 to 75 nmol/L (20 to 30 ng/ml)[3] |
| Prevention | Vitamin D supplements for breastfeed babies[1] |
| Medication | Cholecalciferol, ergocalciferol, calcifediol[5] |
| Frequency | Deficiency 20-40%, severe 6-13%[3] |
Vitamin D deficiency is defined as a vitamin D level that is below normal.[6] Symptoms may include muscle pain, weakness, and muscle contractions, though most have no symptoms.[1][2] In children it can result in rickets, a disease where the bones fail to properly mineralize.[4] In adults it can result in osteomalacia, and possibility osteoporosis, with an increased risk of bone fractures.[4][1] While low levels of vitamin D are associated with many other conditions, it is unclear if these associations are causal.[3]
Causes of vitamin D deficiency include inadequate sunlight exposure, decreased dietary intake, kidney problems, or decreased absorption from the gut.[4][1] Other risk factors include liver disease and certain genetic disorders.[1] Diagnosis is based on a blood 25(OH)D level of less than 50 to 75 nmol/L (20 to 30 ng/ml).[3] Testing those without symptoms is of unclear benefit, and thus is not recommended.[4][7]
The general use of vitamin D supplements is not recommended.[6] Treatment of low levels is generally with vitamin D taken by mouth.[1] Dietary sources include oily fish, mushrooms, and egg yolks.[4][5] Milk and other foods may be fortified with vitamin D in some areas of the world.[4] Calcium and phosphate deficiency may also require correction.[1]
About 20 to 40% of people have vitamin D deficiency, while severe deficiency occurs in 6 to 13%.[3] This; however, is based on blood tests rather than any associated negative health effects.[6] It occurs more commonly in the young and the old.[3] Vitamin D deficiency, in the form of rickets, has been described since 1645.[8]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Vitamin D Deficiency and Dependency - Nutritional Disorders". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Archived from the original on 21 October 2010. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ a b Sizar, O; Khare, S; Goyal, A; Bansal, P; Givler, A (January 2021). "Vitamin D Deficiency". PMID 30335299.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g Amrein, K; Scherkl, M; Hoffmann, M; Neuwersch-Sommeregger, S; Köstenberger, M; Tmava Berisha, A; Martucci, G; Pilz, S; Malle, O (20 January 2020). "Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: an update on the current status worldwide". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 74 (11): 1498–1513. doi:10.1038/s41430-020-0558-y. PMC 7091696. PMID 31959942.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin D". ods.od.nih.gov. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: National Institutes of Health. 26 March 2021. Archived from the original on 9 April 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2021.
- ^ a b Bordelon, P; Ghetu, MV; Langan, RC (15 October 2009). "Recognition and management of vitamin D deficiency". American family physician. 80 (8): 841–6. PMID 19835345.
- ^ a b c LeFevre, ML; LeFevre, NM (15 February 2018). "Vitamin D Screening and Supplementation in Community-Dwelling Adults: Common Questions and Answers". American family physician. 97 (4): 254–260. PMID 29671532.
- ^ Krist, Alex H.; Davidson, Karina W.; Mangione, Carol M.; Cabana, Michael; Caughey, Aaron B.; Davis, Esa M.; Donahue, Katrina E.; Doubeni, Chyke A.; Epling, John W.; Kubik, Martha; Li, Li; Ogedegbe, Gbenga; Owens, Douglas K.; Pbert, Lori; Silverstein, Michael; Stevermer, James; Tseng, Chien-Wen; Wong, John B. (13 April 2021). "Screening for Vitamin D Deficiency in Adults: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement". JAMA. 325 (14): 1436. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.3069.
- ^ Epstein, Sol (2012). Vitamin D, An Issue of Rheumatic Disease Clinics - E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-4557-4313-1. Archived from the original on 2021-08-27. Retrieved 2021-04-09.