Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Retinol

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Not to be confused with Retinal.

Mr. Ibrahem/Retinol
Retinol
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
License data
Routes of
administration		By mouth, IM[1]
Drug classVitamin[2]
Legal status
Legal status
Identifiers
  • (2E,4E,6E,8E)-3,7-dimethyl-9-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)nona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC20H30O
Molar mass286.4516 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
Melting point62–64 °C (144–147 °F)
Boiling point137–138 °C (279–280 °F) (10−6 mm Hg)
  • OC/C=C(C)/C=C/C=C(C)/C=C/C1=C(C)/CCCC1(C)C
  • InChI=1S/C20H30O/c1-16(8-6-9-17(2)13-15-21)11-12-19-18(3)10-7-14-20(19,4)5/h6,8-9,11-13,21H,7,10,14-15H2,1-5H3/b9-6+,12-11+,16-8+,17-13+ checkY
  • Key:FPIPGXGPPPQFEQ-OVSJKPMPSA-N

Retinol, also known as vitamin A1, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.[4] As a supplement it is used to treat and prevent vitamin A deficiency, especially that which results in xerophthalmia.[1] In regions where deficiency is common, a single large dose is recommended to those at high risk a couple of times a year.[5] It is also used to reduce the risk of complications in those who have measles.[5] It is used by mouth or injection into a muscle.[1]

Retinol at normal doses is well tolerated.[1] High doses may result in an enlarged liver, dry skin, or hypervitaminosis A.[1][6] High doses during pregnancy may result in harm to the baby.[1] Retinol is in the vitamin A family.[1] It is converted in the body to retinal and retinoic acid through which it acts.[4] Dietary sources include fish, dairy products, and meat.[4]

Retinol was discovered in 1909, isolated in 1931, and first made in 1947.[7][8] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] Retinol is available as a generic medication and over the counter.[1] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$0.02–0.30 per 50,000 units.[10] In the United States it is not very expensive.[11]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Vitamin A". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  2. ^ a b "RETINOL = VITAMIN A oral - Essential drugs". medicalguidelines.msf.org. Archived from the original on 29 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
  3. ^ "WHOCC - ATC/DDD Index". www.whocc.no. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c "Office of Dietary Supplements - Vitamin A". ods.od.nih.gov. 31 August 2016. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  5. ^ a b World Health Organization (2009). Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR (eds.). WHO Model Formulary 2008. World Health Organization. p. 500. hdl:10665/44053. ISBN 9789241547659.
  6. ^ British national formulary : BNF 69 (69 ed.). British Medical Association. 2015. p. 701. ISBN 9780857111562.
  7. ^ Squires, Victor R. (2011). The Role of Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Human Nutrition - Volume IV. EOLSS Publications. p. 121. ISBN 9781848261952. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.
  8. ^ Ullmann's Food and Feed, 3 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. 2016. p. Chapter 2. ISBN 9783527695522. Archived from the original on 5 November 2017.
  9. ^ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
  10. ^ "Vitamin A". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  11. ^ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 230. ISBN 9781284057560.
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