| Orf | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Contagious pustular dermatitis, contagious ecthyma, infectious labial dermatitis, ecthyma contagiosum, thistle disease, scabby mouth[1] |
 | |
| A thumb with two denuded orf lesions, following a bite by a sheep | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | Single small pus filled bump[2][3] |
| Complications | Erythema multiforme[3] |
| Usual onset | 1 wk after exposure[3] |
| Duration | Less than 8 wks[1] |
| Causes | Orf virus (ORFV)[1] |
| Risk factors | Handling affected sheep and goats[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Ecthyma gangrenosum, vaccinia, anthrax, erysipeloid, tularemia[4] |
| Treatment | Conservative management[4] |
| Medication | Cidofovir, imiquimod[4] |
| Prognosis | Generally good[4] |
| Frequency | Relatively common in at risk groups[3] |
Orf is a viral infection, acquired from other animals.[1] Symptoms are a pus filled bumps of the skin a few centimeters in size; generally, of the hands or forearms.[2][1] A pale halo may forms around the red center and than crust over.[3][4] Onset is about a week after exposure and generally a single lesion occurs.[3] Pain, slight fever, or swollen lymph glands may occur.[3] A few cases are associated with erythema multiforme.[3]
It is caused by the Orf virus (ORFV), a type of Parapoxvirus.[1] It generally spreads to people by infected sheep, particularly lambs, or goats.[1][3] Rarely cases may occur from contaminated objects or other people.[1] People who work with animals are most commonly affected.[1] Once resolved, a person can be infected again.[4] Diagnosis may be supported by PCR.[4] It is a type of is a farmyard pox, together with milker's nodule.[3]
Generally, no specific treatment is required.[4] Occasionally cidofovir or imiquimod is used.[4] It is rarely necessary to cut them out.[4] The vaccine used to prevent disease in sheep is live and can cause disease in humans.[4] Generally the lesion resolves within 8 weeks.[1]
The disease is relatively common in areas with goat or sheep farming.[3] Livestock herds are more commonly affected than people.[1] It became more common in southwest Ethiopia between October 2019 and May 2020.[1] The disease was officially described in 1787, though had been known previously.[5] Other animals commonly develop facial lesions.[1]
References edit
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Kassa, T (2021). "A Review on Human Orf: A Neglected Viral Zoonosis". Research and reports in tropical medicine. 12: 153–172. doi:10.2147/RRTM.S306446. PMID 34267574. Archived from the original on 2022-05-28. Retrieved 2022-05-28.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Barlow, Gavin; Irving, William L.; Moss, Peter J. (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 2022-05-05. Retrieved 2022-05-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "19. Viral diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-05-11. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Petersen, Brett W.; Damon, Inger K. (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 2184–2185. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-05-27.
- ^ Malik, Yashpal Singh; Singh, Raj Kumar; Dhama, Kuldeep (23 September 2020). Animal-Origin Viral Zoonoses. Springer Nature. p. 204. ISBN 978-981-15-2651-0. Archived from the original on 24 June 2022. Retrieved 23 June 2022.