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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lung cancer

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Lung cancer
Other namesLung carcinoma
A chest X-ray showing a tumor in the lung (marked by arrow)
SpecialtyOncology[1]
SymptomsCoughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, chest pains[2]
Usual onset~70 years[3]
Types
Risk factors
Diagnostic methodMedical imaging, tissue biopsy[5]
TreatmentSurgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy[5]
PrognosisFive-year survival rate: 10 to 20% (most countries), 33% (Japan), 27% (Israel), 25% (Republic of Korea)[6]
Frequency2.2 million new cases in 2020[7]
Deaths1.8 million (2020)[6]

Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a cancerous lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung.[1] This growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body.[8] Most cancers that start in the lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas.[9] The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).[4] The most common symptoms are coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.[2]

The vast majority (>80%) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking.[6] Globally, lung cancer in people who have never smoked is increasing.[10] These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas, asbestos, second-hand smoke, or other forms of air pollution.[5][11] Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans.[5] The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance.[12][13]

Avoidance of risk factors, including smoking and air pollution, is the primary method of prevention.[14] Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the person's overall health.[15] Most cases are not curable.[4] Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy.[5] NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.[16]

Worldwide in 2020, lung cancer occurred in 2.2 million people and resulted in 1.8 million deaths.[6][7] This makes it the most common cause of cancer-related death in men and second most common in women after breast cancer.[6] Despite the general decline in rates, the rate in people who have never smoked varies between nations, but has generally been increasing, with 15–20% of men being non-smokers and over 50% of women being non-smokers.[10] The most common age at diagnosis is 70 years.[3] In most countries the five-year survival rate is around 10 to 20%,[6] while in Japan it is 33%, in Israel 27%, and in the Republic of Korea 25%.[6] Outcomes on average are worse in the developing world.[17] The first review article about lung cancers, published in 1912 by Isaac Adler, suggested it was underdiagnosed.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board (2021). "1. Tumours of the lung: introduction". Thoracic Tumours. Vol. 5 (5th ed.). Lyon (France): World Health Organization. pp. 20–28. ISBN 978-92-832-4506-3. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  2. ^ a b Horn L, Lovly CM (2018). "Chapter 74: Neoplasms of the lung". In Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (eds.). Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine (20th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-1259644030.
  3. ^ a b "Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results Program". National Cancer Institute. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  4. ^ a b c "Lung Cancer—Patient Version". NCI. 1 January 1980. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  5. ^ a b c d e f White, Veronica; Ruperelia, Prina (2020). "28.Respiratory disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 975–982. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Sung, Hyuna; Ferlay, Jacques; Siegel, Rebecca L.; Laversanne, Mathieu; Soerjomataram, Isabelle; Jemal, Ahmedin; Bray, Freddie (May 2021). "Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries". CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 71 (3): 209–249. doi:10.3322/caac.21660. ISSN 1542-4863. PMID 33538338. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  7. ^ a b "Lung" (PDF). gco.iarc.fr. World Health Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
  8. ^ Falk S, Williams C (2010). "Chapter 1". Lung Cancer—the facts (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-19-956933-5.
  9. ^ World Cancer Report 2014. World Health Organization. 2014. pp. Chapter 5.1. ISBN 978-92-832-0429-9.
  10. ^ a b Dubin, Sarah; Griffin, Daniel (2020). "Lung Cancer in Non-Smokers". Missouri Medicine. 117 (4): 375–379. ISSN 0026-6620. PMID 32848276. Archived from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2022.
  11. ^ Alberg AJ, Brock MV, Samet JM (2016). "Chapter 52: Epidemiology of lung cancer". Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine (6th ed.). Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 978-1-4557-3383-5.
  12. ^ Lu C, Onn A, Vaporciyan AA, et al. (2010). "Chapter 78: Cancer of the Lung". Holland-Frei Cancer Medicine (8th ed.). People's Medical Publishing House. ISBN 978-1-60795-014-1.
  13. ^ Collins LG, Haines C, Perkel R, Enck RE (January 2007). "Lung cancer: diagnosis and management". American Family Physician. 75 (1): 56–63. PMID 17225705. Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  14. ^ "Lung Cancer Prevention–Patient Version (PDQ®)". NCI. 4 November 2015. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2016.
  15. ^ "Lung Carcinoma: Tumors of the Lungs". Merck Manual Professional Edition, Online edition. Archived from the original on 16 August 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.
  16. ^ Chapman S, Robinson G, Stradling J, West S, Wrightson J (2014). "Chapter 31". Oxford Handbook of Respiratory Medicine (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 284. ISBN 978-0-19-870386-0.
  17. ^ Majumder, Sadhan (2009). Stem cells and cancer (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-387-89611-3. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015.
  18. ^ Kloecker, Goetz (7 December 2021). "1. History of lung cancer". In Kloecker, Goetz; Fraig, Mostafa; Arnold, Susanne M.; Perez, Cesar A. (eds.). Lung Cancer: Standards of Care. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. pp. 3–8. ISBN 978-1-260-13620-3. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.
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