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User:Mr. Ibrahem/Influenza

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
For other uses, see User:Mr. Ibrahem/Influenza (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Haemophilus influenzae.
"Flu" and "Grippe" redirect here. For other uses, see Flu (disambiguation) and Grippe (disambiguation).

Influenza
Other namesFlu, the flu, Grippe
Influenza virus, magnified approximately 100,000 times
SpecialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsFever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, feeling tired[1]
Usual onset1–4 days after exposure[1]
Duration~1 week[1]
CausesInfluenza viruses[2]
PreventionHand washing, influenza vaccine, surgical masks[1][3]
MedicationAntiviral medications such as oseltamivir[1]
Frequency3–5 million severe cases per year[1]
DeathsUp to 650,000 respiratory deaths per year[1][4]

Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by an influenza virus.[1] Symptoms can be mild to severe.[5] The most common symptoms include: high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, headache, coughing, and feeling tired.[1] These symptoms typically begin two days after exposure to the virus and most last less than a week.[1] The cough, however, may last for more than two weeks.[1] In children, there may be diarrhea and vomiting, but these are not common in adults.[6] Diarrhea and vomiting occur more commonly in gastroenteritis, which is an unrelated disease and sometimes inaccurately referred to as "stomach flu" or the "24-hour flu".[6] Complications of influenza may include viral pneumonia, secondary bacterial pneumonia, sinus infections, and worsening of previous health problems such as asthma or heart failure.[2][5]

Three of the four types of influenza viruses affect humans: Type A, Type B, and Type C.[2][7] Type D has not been known to infect humans, but is believed to have the potential to do so.[7][8] Usually, the virus is spread through the air from coughs or sneezes.[1] This is believed to occur mostly over relatively short distances.[9] It can also be spread by touching surfaces contaminated by the virus and then touching the eyes, nose, or mouth.[5][9][10] A person may be infectious to others both before and during the time they are showing symptoms.[5] The infection may be confirmed by testing the throat, sputum, or nose for the virus.[2] A number of rapid tests are available; however, people may still have the infection even if the results are negative.[2] A type of polymerase chain reaction that detects the virus's RNA is more accurate.[2]

Frequent hand washing reduces the risk of viral spread, as does wearing a surgical mask.[3] Yearly vaccinations against influenza are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for those at high risk,[1] and by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for those six months of age and older.[11] The vaccine is usually effective against three or four types of influenza.[1] It is usually well tolerated.[1] A vaccine made for one year may not be useful in the following year, since the virus evolves rapidly.[1] Antiviral medications such as the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, among others, have been used to treat influenza.[1] The benefit of antiviral medications in those who are otherwise healthy do not appear to be greater than their risks.[12] No benefit has been found in those with other health problems.[12][13]

Influenza spreads around the world in yearly outbreaks, resulting in about three to five million cases of severe illness and about 290,000 to 650,000 deaths.[1][4] About 20% of unvaccinated children and 10% of unvaccinated adults are infected each year.[14] In the northern and southern parts of the world, outbreaks occur mainly in the winter, while around the equator, outbreaks may occur at any time of the year.[1] Death occurs mostly in high risk groups—the young, the old, and those with other health problems.[1] Larger outbreaks known as pandemics are less frequent.[2] In the 20th century, three influenza pandemics occurred: Spanish influenza in 1918 (17–100 million deaths), Asian influenza in 1957 (two million deaths), and Hong Kong influenza in 1968 (one million deaths).[15][16][17] The World Health Organization declared an outbreak of a new type of influenza A/H1N1 to be a pandemic in June 2009.[18] Influenza may also affect other animals, including pigs, horses, and birds.[19]

Video summary (script)

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Influenza (Seasonal)". World Health Organization (WHO). 6 November 2018. Archived from the original on 30 November 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Longo, Dan L. (2012). "Chapter 187: Influenza". Harrison's principles of internal medicine (18th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  3. ^ a b Jefferson T, Del Mar CB, Dooley L, Ferroni E, Al-Ansary LA, Bawazeer GA, et al. (July 2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses" (PDF). Cochrane Database Syst Rev (7): CD006207. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4. PMC 6993921. PMID 21735402.
  4. ^ a b "Up to 650 000 people die of respiratory diseases linked to seasonal flu each year". World Health Organization (WHO) (Press release). 14 December 2017. Archived from the original on 18 April 2019. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d "Key Facts About Influenza (Flu)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 2 December 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
  6. ^ a b Duben-Engelkirk, Paul G.; Engelkirk, Janet (2011). Burton's microbiology for the health sciences (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 314. ISBN 978-1-60547-673-5.
  7. ^ a b "Types of Influenza Viruses Seasonal Influenza (Flu)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 27 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  8. ^ Su S, Fu X, Li G, Kerlin F, Veit M (25 August 2017). "Novel Influenza D virus: Epidemiology, pathology, evolution and biological characteristics". Virulence. 8 (8): 1580–91. doi:10.1080/21505594.2017.1365216. PMC 5810478. PMID 28812422.
  9. ^ a b Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". Lancet Infect Dis. 7 (4): 257–65. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4. PMID 17376383.
  10. ^ "Influenza in children". Paediatr Child Health. 10 (8): 485–7. October 2005. doi:10.1093/pch/10.8.485. PMC 2722601. PMID 19668662.
  11. ^ Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB (2019). "Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices – United States, 2019–20 Influenza Season" (PDF). MMWR Recomm Rep. 68 (3): 1–21. doi:10.15585/mmwr.rr6803a1. PMC 6713402. PMID 31441906.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. ^ a b Michiels B, Van Puyenbroeck K, Verhoeven V, Vermeire E, Coenen S (2013). "The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews". PLOS One. 8 (4): e60348. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...860348M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060348. PMC 3614893. PMID 23565231.
  13. ^ Ebell MH, Call M, Shinholser J (April 2013). "Effectiveness of oseltamivir in adults: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished clinical trials". Family Practice. 30 (2): 125–33. doi:10.1093/fampra/cms059. PMID 22997224.
  14. ^ Somes MP, Turner RM, Dwyer LJ, Newall AT (May 2018). "Estimating the annual attack rate of seasonal influenza among unvaccinated individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Vaccine. 36 (23): 3199–207. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.063. PMID 29716771.
  15. ^ Spreeuwenberg P, Kroneman M, Paget J (December 2018). "Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic". American Journal of Epidemiology. 187 (12): 2561–67. doi:10.1093/aje/kwy191. PMID 30202996.
  16. ^ World Health Organization (December 2005). "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza (update of 14 October 2005)". Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 80 (49–50): 428–31. hdl:10665/232955. PMID 16372665.
  17. ^ Jilani TN, Jamil RT, Siddiqui AH (January 2020). "H1N1 Influenza (Swine Flu)". StatPearls. PMID 30020613.
  18. ^ Chan, Margaret (11 June 2009). "World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic". World Health Organization (WHO). Archived from the original on 12 June 2009. Retrieved 12 June 2009.
  19. ^ Palmer SR (2011). Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control (2. ed.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. p. 332. ISBN 978-0-19-857002-8.
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